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The Farthest Promised Land — English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s
Subject Index
Subject Index
Figures in bold type indicate illustrations
Advertisements for emigrants, 8, 70–72, 76
Agent General for New Zealand in London, see Vogel, (Sir) Julius; Featherston, Dr Isaac Earl
Agricultural labourers, see Farm labourers
Allington, George (N.A.L.U. executive member and delegate), 77, 130–31, 168, 270, 329
Allotments, 115, 123, 168, 175, 178, 192, 335
Arch, Joseph (President of National Agricultural Labourers' Union), 1, 9, 66–7, 91–2, 123–4, 131, 133, 172–4, 181, 330, 348; earlier career, 18–19; called to lead the ‘Revolt’, 31–3; visit to Canada (1873), 46, 51, 108; and New Zealand authorities, 33, 45–7; and emigration to New Zealand, 51–2; and 1874 lock-out, 74; and decline of N.A.L.U., 91–2
Ashby, Joseph, (English village labourer), 170–72
Atkinson, (Sir) Harry, 88–9, 293–4, 297; as Minister for Immigration, 95, 346–8
Attenborough, Revd F. S. (English Congregational Minister), 124
Auckland Province, 90–91, 96, 284; see also Index of Places
Australia, emigration to, 43, 67–8, 86, 97, 108, 179, 192–4, 230, 374n; tin mining in depresses Cornish mining, 221–3
Bakewell, Dr. R. H. (ship's surgeon-superintendent), 41
Banks, William (Secretary of Lincolnshire Labour League), 76, 153
Baptists, 111, 114, 130, 307, 309, 314, 326
Bathgate, John (New Zealand settler and politician), 80
Bedfordshire, 74–5, 77, 179–82, 180, 256, 281, 308, 323, 326; see also Index of Places
Berkshire, 16–17, 176–8, 253; see also Index of Places
Berry, Revd Joseph (New Zealand emigration agent), 99, 207, 343
Birch, Thomas (New Zealand emigration agent), 39
Bonar, James (Superintendent, Westland), 86
Brazil, emigration to, 43, 45, 73
Brewer, J. N. (English topographer), 105–6
British Ladies' Female Emigrant Society, 239
Brogden, John & Sons (English railway contractors), 5, 312; negotiations with Julius Vogel, 7; emigration drive of, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14–16, 44–5, 116, 167, 172, 176; James Brogden, 7, 10; Alexander Brogden M.P., 9; relationships with their navvies, 10, 12, 14; differences with N.Z. government, 11
Brown, Charles Henry (Lincolnshire farmer), 152
Buckinghamshire, 94, 109, 120, 273; see also Index of Places
Burton, William (New Zealand emigration agent), 39, 89, 94, 96, 157–9, 161–3, 246, 294, 299–302; background of, 159
Bush districts (New Zealand), 87–9, 116, 158, 167, 254, 261–2, 289–326, 339–343 passim; see also Sawmilling
Cable communication between England and New Zealand, 98–9, 355
Canada, seeNorth America
Canterbury Journal and Farmers' Gazette, 206
Canterbury Province, 83–5, 97–8, 262, 342; general description, 264–5, 265; immigration (1871), 37; (1873), 39; see also Index of Places
Carrington, Frederic (Superintendent, Taranaki), 88–9, 293, 296–8, 301
Carter, Charles Rooking (New Zealand emigration agent), 44, 72, 75; career and appointment, 8, 36; in Cornwall (1871), 8, 38, 227; selecting Brogden recruits, 9, 15–16, 116, 167, 374n; meets Joseph Arch, 9, 33; varied duties, 39, 63–4; addresses recruitment meetings, 49–50, 71, 105, 125, 128; negotiates Holloway's N.Z. trip, 48–9; works with Kent Union, 64, 69; resigns from emigration staff, 93
Carter, Revd W. E. D., 121–2, 125
Castle, Isaac, 114, 125, 128, 131, 133
Chain migration, 116–17, 130, 233–5, 250–51, 285–6
Charities (rural England), 171, 196, 209, 245
Cheviot Hills, 272
page 394Child labour, in rural England, 22, 31, 142–3, 146, 175, 190; in Cornish mining, 215–16
Children, sickness and death on emigrant ships, 56–61 passim, 69–70, 155; as immigrants in N.Z., 134, 156–8, 242, 248, 282–3; see also Child labour; Education
‘Chipping Norton Case’, 119–125, 130, 281
Cholmondeley, Revd G. C., 41
Church, George (New Zealand farmer), 84
Church of England (England), and village life, 144–6, 171, 245; clergy and the rural unions, 121–2, 172; hunting parsons, 141; union church parades (Kent), 196–7; and rural education 255
Church of England (New Zealand), 88, 241, 279, 285, 292
Clark, Theophilas (Lincolnshire farmer), 147, 155
Clayden, Arthur (emigration agent, Berks.), 16, 29–30, 99–100, 174, 176, 251, 274
‘Close’ parishes, 142, 146–7, 164, 168–9, 179
Coates, William (Lincolnshire farmer), 147
‘Cockatoos’, 83; see also Yeoman farmers (New Zealand)
Collings, Jesse (English politician), 124
Commissions, Royal, on Employment of Women and Children in Agriculture (1867), 30, 113, 142–3, 146, 175, 349; on ship Scimitar (New Zealand, 1874), 55, 62; on Depressed Condition of Agricultural Interests (1881), 197, 219–20; on Land-tenure, Land-settlement, etc. (New Zealand, 1908) 329–30
Contracting, by immigrants in New Zealand, 12, 14, 78, 81, 89, 283, 337
Cook, John (Lincolnshire rural unionist), 152
Cornwall, 276, 288, 305, 331; (1908) 336–8; description of, 211–31, 225, passim; farming 212–13, 218, 218–20, 275–6; mining, 212–18, 215, 220–30; fishing, 212; china clay works, 223–4, 230; smuggling, 226; 19th Century emigration from, 8, 220–21, 348–8, 374n; emigration to N.Z., 8–9, 38, 116, 217, 220–21, 223–5, 337–8; see also Index of Places
Cospatrick Memorial (Shipton-under-Wychwood) 78
Cottage industries (England), 110–14 passim, 120, 126, 128–9, 133, 179–82; passim, 307, 323
Cottages, see Housing
Craftsmen (rural England), 152–3, 156, 165, 336–7
Cyclopaedia of New Zealand, 117, 217, 329, 338
Daily News (London), 120, 133, 205, 207, 208, 247, 255
Dairy industry (New Zealand), 291, 322, 342
Daniel, Theophilus (New Zealand settler), 80
Depots for emigrants, 238; the case for, 47; at Plymouth, 53–4, 70; Blackwall depot, London, 73
Devon, 274, 276, 281, 331; (c. 1901) 332; description of, 231–3; and emigration to N.Z., 231, 233–5, 276; see also Index of Places
Diaries by emigrants; James Gore, 67; James Beckley, 253; Henry Tomlinson 157, 328
Divine providence, 154, 308, 309, 334
Dixon, Marmaduke (New Zealand squatter), 272–3
Dixon, William (philanthropist, Lines), 143, 272–3
Dorset County Express, 329
‘Drift North’ (New Zealand), 263, 321, 352
Duncan, Andrew (New Zealand emigration agent), 39, 47, 72–7, 85, 115, 179, 181, 307, 330
Education, in rural England, 21–2, 31, 113, 142–7 passim, 159, 179, 190, 255; on emigrant ships, 56, 71; in New Zealand, 254–6, 270, 275, 291, 301, 317, 355
Eight hour day (New Zealand), 11–12, 14, 194–5, 198, 243, 277
Eliot, T. S., 354
Elliot, Peter (New Zealand farmer), 90
Emigrant and Colonist's Aid Corporation, 87, 158
Emigrant guidebooks and pamphlets, 99, 157, 249, 328, 356
Emigrant voyages (with month of arrival in New Zealand),
Adamant (October '73), 382n; (Aug '74), 368n, 77, 181, 303, 307, 310–11
Allahabad (Sep '73), 217
Alumbagh (Aug '75), 133
Assaye (Dec '74), 133
Atrato (Jun '74), 69–71, 73, 129, 242, 277, 363n
Avalanche (Jan '75) 77, 268, 298–9, 302
Ballochmyle (Jun '74), 71, 73, 85, 129–31, 229, 241, 277
Berar (Sep '73), 229; (Jan '75), 77, 169
Blairgowrie (Aug '75), 382n
Boyne (Feb '79), 382n
Carisbrook Castle (Sept '74), 154
Caroline (Jan '76), 227, 374n, 382n
Cathcart (Aug '74), 181
Celestial Queen (Jul '72), 285
Charlotte Gladstone (Feb '72), 227, 374n
Chile (Dec '72), 116, 312, 340; (Oct '74), 303; (Sep '75), 94, 300, 302
page 395Christian McAusland (Dec '72), 15, 230
Collingwood (Jul '75), 94, 160, 299
Cospatrick (lost at sea, Nov '74), 78, 93, 131–2, 132
Crusader (Dec '74), 77, 130, 270, 273, 280, 320, 382n
Dallam Tower (Mar '75), 235
Douglas (Oct '74), 382n
Duke of Edinburgh (Nov '74), 228
Eastern Monarch (Jul '74), 228, 364n
E. P. Bouverie (Oct '73), 314
Euterpe (Aug '74), 382n
Fern Glen (Apr '76), 311
Forfarshire (Mar '73), 10–11, 172, 176
Gareloch (Feb '75), 77
Geraldine Paget (Dec '74), 77, 157
Halcione (Jul '72), 167; (Jul '73), 228; (Sept '75), 94, 160–61, 374n, 300
Helen Denny (Oct '74), 382n
Hereford (Jul '74), 281; (Jan '78), 288
Hindostan (May '75), 158
Howrah (Nov '74), 298
Hudson (Nov '74), 131; (Feb '76), 201, 326
Hurunui (Feb '76), 94
Hydaspes (Sep '72), 229–30; (Nov '74), 285; (Nov '78), 230
Isles of the South (Feb '74), 227, 382n
J. N. Fleming (May '74), 70, 155
La Hogue (May '74), 253
Lady Jocelyn (Nov '72), 229; (Jan '75), 77, 130, 168, 275
Lutterworth (Apr’ 73), 14, 176
Maraval (Jan '79), 374n
Miltiades (Jul '74), 382n
Mongol (Feb '74), 49–50, 53, 55–62, 59, 79–80, 125, 128, 269, 321
Northampton (Apr '77), 250
Northern Monarch (Feb '79), 374n, 382n
Ocean Mail (Nov '74), 303
Opawa (Jan '78), 230; (Nov '79), 374n
Otago (Aug '74), 282
Peeress (Jul '74), 76, 130, 281
Punjaub (Sep '73), 167
Queen Bee (Oct '72), 374n
Rakaia (Apr '74), 85; (Oct '78), 251; (Sep '79), 227
Rangitiki (Oct '79), 50, 374n, 382n
Rooparell (May '74), 70
St Lawrence (Aug '74), 382n
St Leonard (Sep '72), 239–40, 247
Schiehallion (Jul '72), 3, 7, 9–10, 14, 228
Scimitar (Mar '74), 50, 50, 52–3, 55, 61–2, 81, 128
Stad Haarlem (Apr '79), 99–100, 206, 247, 251, 255, 320, 322
Tintern Abbey (May '75), 382n
Tweed (Sep '74), 277
Varuna (May '74), 85
Waikato (Jul '74), 70, 89, 223, 294–6, 298, 382n
Waitangi (Oct '78), 382n
Wellington (Feb '75), 382n
Wennington (May '74), 69, 167, 365n; (May '75), 382n
Wild Deer (Jan '75), 177
William Davie (Apr '74), 69, 194–5, 199
Winchester (Jul '74), 315
Zealandia (Jan '73), 81
Emigrants, see Selection of emigrants; Medical examination of emigrant applicants; Farewells for emigrants; Railways (England) emigrant journeys to ports; Letters by emigrants; success stories of earlier emigrants
Emigration, assisted; N.Z. records of, 102, 103; N.Z. government regulations for, 8, 38, 41–3, 46, 99–100; development of N.Z. recruitment organisation (1871–2) 37–40; English sub-agents, 39–40, 71–3, 76–8, 93–5, 148–63 passim; free passages, 42–4, 46, 48, 86, 99, 117, 127; policy vacillations (1875-), 95–100 passim; phasing out of assisted passages, 100; emigrants bringing capital, 209, 268; quality and composition of, 103, 345–53; see also promissory notes from emigrants; nominated immigration
Emigration from England: pre-1870, 193–4, 220–21; effects of economic conditions on, 8–9, 36, 40–41, 47, 166, 211; the seasons and, 40, 47–8, 73, 96–7, 153–4; ‘best men are going’, 161, 174, 205, 207, 255, 348–9; effects on English villages, 174, 353; decline in popularity of (1875), 93, 197; unprecedented numbers offering (1879), 100
Employers (England), see Farmers (England)
Employers (New Zealand), solicitude for employees, 242–3, 271; social attitudes of, 156–7, 244–5, 257
Employment of newly-arrived immigrants, 10, 85, 157, 269; how arranged, 242–3; see also Railways (New Zealand); Roadmaking (by immigrants)
Enclosures, 20, 106, 112, 138, 169–71, 218
England, regional diversity of, 102, 164–6, 183; county origins of emigrants, 102–4; as page 396 the colonists' ‘Home’, 354–7; see also individual counties
English Labourer, 67, 91, 108, 133
Eviction of cottagers, 178, 178, 204–6
Farewells for emigrants; at railway stations, 52, 69, 70, 168, 207–8, 221; by union branches, 69–70, 181, 206; special occasions for large parties, 68–9, 207–8
Farm labourers (England), main source of navvy recruits, 3, 15, 17; reluctance to emigrate, 16, 18, 41, 159; social degradation of, 19–21, 23–4, 27, 197, 335; poverty of, 21, 27–8, 28, 42, 45, 153, 165–6, 188, 190, 193, 303, 334; popular images of, 27, 52; regional variations, 27–8, 183, 188; hours of work, 119, 156, 190, 195, 273; hiring fairs, 108–9, 153; confined men (yearly agreements), 153, 160–61; in gangs, 142–3; ignorance of, 159, 255; foremen, 154, 158, 161, 244, 333; labour productivity of, 165–6; clothing of, 166; health of, 165–6; migratory, 183, 349; perquisites of, 29, 191–2; condition and outlook of, c.1901, 333–4 see also Housing (England); Wages (England)
Farm labourers (New Zealand), 156–7, 275–6, 280–81, 343; on sheep stations, 127, 271–2, 274–5, 282–3, 321
Farm managers (New Zealand), 273–4, 288, 311
Farmers (England), 23–5, 138, 147–8; economic position of, 23–4, 25, 203, 332–3; rising social aspirations of, 25, 139, 141, 192; wives as social pace setters, 25–26; an ‘old style’ example, 191; attitudes to labourers, 23–4, 26–7, 152–3, 191–2, 255; discourage emigration, 41, 51–4, 72, 161–2, 208–9; Defence Associations of, 45, 74, 115–16, 151, 201–3, 373n; unionists victimised by, 67, 116, 151, 156–7, 200–1, 206–7, 209, 256, 330–31; disrupt union meetings, 125, 200; assaults on unionists, 152, 201; philanthropy 143–4, 147–8, 196; sought as N.Z. immigrants (1879-), 99, 355–6; emigration of, 219, 232–5, 268–9, 348; see also Yeoman farmers (England)
Farming (in England), West Oxfordshire, 109; North Lincolnshire, 137–40; Vale of the White Horse, Berkshire, 175; Kent, 187–90; Cornwall, 218, 218–20; Devon, 231–2; c. 1901, 331–4
Farming (in New Zealand), 267, 343, 345; see also Squatters; Yeoman farmers (New Zealand)
Featherston, Dr Isaac Earl, 7–9, 37; becomes Agent-General, 36–7; directing of emigration drive, 16, 36–9, 42–3, 71, 95–6, 364n, 374n; courts the rural unions, 44–5, 48, 63, 71, 77; sickness and death of, 95–6
Federal Union of Agricultural and General Labourers, 34
Firewood, abundance of in New Zealand, 92, 195, 286, 291, 308
Fitzherbert, William (Superintendent, Wellington), 87
Food, in English villages, 27–9, 31, 127, 165–6, 189, 193, 198, 244, 335; of Cornish miners, 217; on immigrant ships, 61–2, 154, 239; in immigration barracks, N.Z., 240; in New Zealand, 10, 51, 82, 118, 127, 134, 155–6, 172, 177, 199, 209, 243–4, 248, 303, 309
Game, plenitude in New Zealand, 11, 51, 61, 127–8, 167, 176, 195, 199, 210, 245–6, 252, 285, 302, 341 hunting and shooting, England, 141–2, 192, 199, 233
Game Laws (England), 29–30, 210
Gentry, see Landowners (England); Squatters (New Zealand Pastoralists)
Germany; emigration from; 37, 90, 299
Gilligan, J. H. (Mayor of Palmerston, N.Z.), 82
Girdlestone, Revd Edward, 30
Gloucestershire, 41, 77, 94, 241, 245, 305; emigration to Brazil, 43
Gloving, 110–11, 112–14, 120, 126, 128, 129, 133
Graphic, 75
Gold fields (New Zealand), 2, 7, 167, 263, 304
Gretton, May Sturge (English writer), 332
Grigg, John (New Zealand landowner and farmer), 275–6
Guidebooks for emigrants, see Emigrant guidebooks and pamphlets
Haggard, H. Rider (English novelist and agricultural writer), 166, 187, 331, 332–6
Hambidge, Robert (Oxfordshire farmer), 120–1, 124–5
Harris, Revd Thomas, 121–2, 125
Harvesting, New Zealand, 60, 156, 266, 269, 276, 277, 282, 322
England, 24, 63, 134, 135, 139, 145, 146, 244, 270
Hasted, Edward (Historian of Kent), 183
Hawke's Bay Herald, 116, 315, 318
Hawke's Bay Province, 38, 96, 116, 129, 262, 283, 311; general description, 312; see also Index of Places
page 397Heath, Richard (English journalist), 115
Holdenby, C. (English writer), 334–5
Holloway, Christopher (N.A.L.U. delegate to New Zealand, New Zealand emigration agent), 105; 125, 330; earlier career, 49; leads ‘Revolt’ at Wootton, Oxon., 115; and Oxfordshire district of N.A.L.U., 119–20; 123; N.Z. visit arranged, 49; recruiting Mongol/Scimitar party, 49–51; journey to N.Z., 52–60; in Otago and Southland, 79–83; in Canterbury, 83–5, 280; in Westland, 85–6; in Nelson Province, 86; in Marlborough, 86; in Wellington Province, 86–7; in Taranaki, 87–90; in Auckland Province, 90–91; meets Vogel, 86–7; report on New Zealand to N.A.L.U., 91–2; union activities in England (1875) 91–2, 94; appointed N.Z. emigration agent (1875), 93; work as N.Z. agent (1875–80), 94, 96–7, 98–9, 133, 207; services dispensed with (1880), 100; subsequent career, 100
Honi Pihama (Maori chief), 88
Horses, class significance of in England, 141–2, 152, 246; ready availability of in N.Z., 10, 60, 118–9, 126–7, 158, 178, 246–7, 253, 282, 300, 303
Hours of work, England, 156, 190, 194–5, 243, 271, 273; New Zealand, 10, 11–12, 13, 156, 194–5, 243, 271, 277
Housing (England), of village labourers, 28, 28, 115–6, 119–20, 139, 142, 146, 160–1, 175, 190, 191; tied cottages, 115–6, 178, 204, 335; of Cornish miners, 214; and domestic fuel, 166, 171, 174, 217;
Housing (New Zealand), improvised housing of immigrants, 126–7, 177, 280, 299; lack of provision for families on N.Z. stations, 82, 85; easy access to ownership in N.Z., 88, 155, 248, 254, 258–9, 269, 277–8, 281, 287, 297, 302, 308
Hunt, Joseph (New Zealand farmer), 83
Immigration and Public Works Acts (New Zealand), 6; (1870), 37; (1871), 38
Immigration barracks (New Zealand), 80, 85, 240–2, 277, 280–1, 296, 299
Immigration officers (New Zealand), 96, 100, 209, 239–40, 242, 250, 253, 258, 280, 296, 299, 303, 305, 307, 350
Imperial Gazetteer, 164
Ireland, emigration from, 55, 72
Jefferies, Richard (English author), 26
Keen, J. (of Palmerston, N.Z.), 82
Kent, 183–210, 184, 250; description of, 183–90; hop gardens, 70, 183, 189, 189, 190, 199, 206, 207, 209, 320; brickmakers, 69, 194, 198, 206, 326; orchards, 189–90; the Weald, 183, 185–7, 189–90, 202, 205; Romney Marsh, 183, 187; North Downs, 183, 185, 187–9, 198, 206, 208; pre-1870 emigration to N.Z., 193–4; emigrant parties for N.Z. (1870s), 68–70, 98–9, 194–5, 198, 205–10
Kent and Sussex Labourers' Union, origins of, 64–5; growth, 65–6, 97–8, 203; constitution of, 65–6; and N.A.L.U., 34, 66–7; and emigration, 43, 67–70, 192–3, 195–6; anniversary ‘Demonstrations’, 67, 77, 195; boycott tactics of, 67, and emigration to N.Z., 68–70, 77, 89, 97–8, 192–3, 295; wages movement of, 77, 196; Sick Fund of, 196–7; church parades of, 196; Land and Cottage Fund of, 197; Hospital Fund of, 197; fosters rural education, 255; see also Simmons, Alfred (Secretary of K. & S.L.U.); Roots, George (Chairman of K. & S.L.U.).
Kent & Sussex Times, 201, 379n
Kent Messenger and Maidstone Telegraph, 64
Labour demand in New Zealand, (1873) 40, 46; (1875), 95; (1876), 96; (1878), 97–9; (1879), 99, 280; (1880), 100
Labour League Examiner, 76, 152, 153
Labourer (Boston, Lines.,), 157, 158, 159, 161
Labourers, see Farm Labourers; Brogdens' navvies
Labourers' Union Chronicle, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 70, 71, 76, 78, 81, 83, 91, 92, 117, 122, 127, 132, 133, 173, 177, 178
Lacemaking, 179, 180, 181, 182, 307, 323
Land (New Zealand), purchase by immigrants, 14, 62, 84, 128, 159, 174, 178, 256, 267–75; passim, 281–2, 303, 318–19, 322; easy access to freehold, 92–3, 127, 154–5, 158, 208, 267, 297; varied quality of, 265, 340; in N.Z. emigration propaganda, 74–5, 92, 158; settlement associations, 264, 304–11, 312–19
Landowners (England), 137–8, 140–1, 164, 232, 332; as a rural oligarchy, 23–4, 202–3
Laslett, Peter, 356
Leggett, Joseph (N.A.L.U. Oxford District Secretary 1872–74), background of, 105, 114, 365n; and the ‘Revolt’ in Oxfordshire, 114, 123, 125; recruits party for New Zealand, 63, 70–1, 129–30; as N.Z. settler, 85, 248, 250, 251, 275, 278–9, 329–30
Letters by emigrants, 10, 11, 51, 60–2 passim, 92, 117–8, 126–8, 154–63 passim, 167, 172–4, 176–9 passim, 182, 193–201 passim, 209–10, 239–59 passim, 266–87 passim, 296–303 passim, 306–11 passim, 315–18 page 398 passim, 376–7nn; their effect on recruitment, 16–17, 63, 68, 77, 116, 128, 155, 157, 162, 167, 176–7, 193–4, 195, 209–10; adverse letters, 77–8, 155, 163, 277–8; letter series: Michael Cook, 154–5, 266; Helena Barker, 158; Joseph and Ann Leggett, 248, 250, 275, 278–9; George Morgan, 209; George Mumby, 160, 241, 245, 252–3; William, George and Ann Philpott, 61–2, 173–4, 251; John Piper, 199–201; James Pratt, 244, 245, 246; Thomas Rathbone, 133–4, 248; Henry Tomlinson, 157, 249–50, 273
Lincolnshire, 74, 75, 94, 102, 135–63, 136, 246, 301, 323; the wolds, 135–41 passim, 160–1, (c.1901) 333; the coastal marshlands, 137, 140; see also Index of Places
Lincolnshire Labour League, 151, 154; origins, 75–6; and N.A.L.U., 34; and 1874 lock-out, 48, 74, 76; and emigration to New Zealand, 75–6, 153, 155–6, 161; tactics of, 153; see also Banks, William (Secretary of Lincolnshire Labour League)
Literacy, of English rural labourers, 30, 54, 148; of N.Z. immigrants, 118, 352–3
Liverpool Albion, 96
Livestock, acquired by recent immigrants, 60, 126, 155, 257–8, 279, 314; see also Horses
Local emigration agents, 40, 71–2; see also White, John H.
Lousley, Joseph (Oxfordshire farmer), 127, 367n
Lyttelton Times, 238, 241, 348
Macandrew, James (Superintendent, Otago), 79, 93
McPherson, ___ (‘Anti-emigration agent’), 93
Maidstone and Kentish Journal, 196
Main, D. F. (New Zealand squatter), 82
Maning, Frederick (Pakeha-Maori), 90
Maoris, 61, 87–8, 90–1, 176, 263, 264, 284, 286, 293
Marlborough, Duke of, 49, 111, 115–6, 123–4
Marlborough Province, 2–3, 262, 282; see also Index of Places
Medical examination of emigrant applicants, 16, 307, 349
Meetings on emigration, 8, 48–50, 71–3, 75–6, 91–2, 94, 99, 116, 125, 129, 132–3, 154, 155, 159–63
Menlove, Edward (New Zealand squatter), 82
Methodist Church and Methodism (England), 53, 111, 114, 144–8, 150–51, 159–60, 169, 174, 179–81, 186–7; and training of union leaders, 34, 49; and Cornish miners, 214, 224–5, see also Primitive Methodists; Methodist Church and Methodism (New Zealand), 84, 292, 302, 315–17, 319, 341; and English immigrants, 60–2, 118–19, 151, 173, 241, 269, 271, 279–80, 285; Primitive Methodists, 155, 241, 316, 319
Middlemiss, John (New Zealand squatter), 271–2
Mulgan, Alan (New Zealand writer), 356
National Agricultural Labourers' Union, origins (Warwicks., 1872), 31–3; founding of, 33–4, 114–15; emigration policy of, 33, 43–5, 48; and emigration to Brazil, 43; and emigration to Australia, 43; memorialises New Zealand government, 45; and 1874 lock-out, 48, 73–5; and emigration to New Zealand, 51, 70–71, 76–7, 128–33; conflict with Kent & Sussex Labourers' Union, 34, 65–6; in Lincolnshire, 75–6; disunity and decline (1875-), 91; see also Arch, Joseph (President of N.A.L.U.); Taylor, Henry (Secretary of N.A.L.U.)
Navvies, see Brogdens' navvies
Nelson Province, 86, 96, 97, 303–11; see also Index of Places
New Zealand, general description of, 13, 261–3, 342–4; social attitudes, 80, 92, 156, 195, 242–5, 248–9, 343–4; attitudes to immigration, 83, 95–7; as pictured in emigration propaganda, 72, 74, 83–4, 92–3, 125, 301; good living reported by immigrants, 10–11, 60–61, 167, 172–4, 178–9, 194–5, 238, 243, 286; defects reported by immigrants, 78, 275; ‘Good Samaritan’ approach to charity, 155, 249, 252–4; Friendly Societies in, 254; parochialism in, 344, 355, 357
Nominated immigration, 47, 71, 100, 117, 250, 258–9
Noncomformity, 111, 114, 141, 164–5, 174, 180, 187, 279; see also Baptists, Methodist Church and Methodism, Primitive Methodists
North America, emigration to, 8, 40–41, 76, 86, 108, 148, 153, 176, 202, 220–3, 228, 230, 285, 288, 337, 348; recruitment advantages over N.Z.; Joseph Arch's visit (1873), 45–6, 51, 108; affected by depression (1873-), 47, 222; as source of rural myth, 260
‘Open’ parishes, 105, 135, 140, 144, 167, 168, 169, 175, 181
Ormond, J. D. (New Zealand squatter and politician), 283, 312, 315, 318
Otago, 37, 39, 79–83, 98, 262; finances extra emigrant ships, 39; see also Index of Places
Overton, Revd I. G., 146
Oxfordshire, 51, 75, 94, 104–34, 287; (c.1901) 333; general description of, page 399 104–5; Wychwood Forest district, 105–14, 107, 116–34 passim, 326, 330; Otmoor district, 105–6; and N.A.L.U., 49; emigrant parties for N.Z., 44, 52–3, 60, 125–33 passim; see also Index of Places
Parents of emigrants, 161, 173–4, 208, 249–52
Parris, Robert (Civil commissioner, Taranaki), 88
Peterborough District Union, 74
Plymouth Brethren, 292, 322, 326
Poaching, 29, 106, 111, 166, 198–9
Poor Laws, 20–21, 28–9, 156–7, 170–1, 249, 277; Boards of Guardians, 99
Posters on emigration, 8, 72, 162
Primitive Methodists, 50, 52, 114, 129, 144–5, 146, 160, 167, 168, 171–3, 174, 181, 279–80; and Joseph Arch, 22; in New Zealand, 155, 241, 316, 319
‘Promised Land imagery, 32–3, 51, 75, 92, 260, 306, 354–7
Promissory notes from emigrants, to Brogdens, 16, 42; to N.Z. government, 38, 42, 317–18
Provincial governments (New Zealand) and immigration (1871), 37–8; abolition of, 95, 96
Quarantine of immigrants, 59, 63, 83, 85, 286
Quarries (England), 108–10, 113–14, 125–6, 129, 167
Railways (England), emigrant journeys to ports, 51–5, 160, 208
Railways (New Zealand), and colonial development, 2–3, 87, 276–7, 302, 319, 321, 342; immigrants employed in construction of, 12–15, 15, 61, 78, 127, 209, 258, 276; see also Brogden, John & Sons; Brogdens' navvies.
Recruitment of emigrants; see Advertisements for emigrants; Emigrant guidebooks and pamphlets. Meetings on emigration; Posters on emigration; Emigration, assisted.
Reed, Charles (New Zealand squatter), 266
Reeves, William (New Zealand politician), 41
Religion; see Baptists; Church of England; Methodist Church and Methodism; Non-comformity; Primitive Methodists; Plymouth Brethren
Remittances, to England from emigrants, 179, 251, 302, 353
Report on the immigration policy of 1870 (New Zealand Legislative Council, 1873), 46
‘Revolt of the Field’, 18–19, 29–35, 75, 97–8, 264, 279, 311, 328–31; origins of, 30–31; compared with ‘Swing’ riots, 34–5; as a ‘freedom movement’, 35, 66, 330; extent of, 33–4, 211; aftermath in village England, 330–31; memory of suppressed in N.Z., 338–9
Reynold's Weekly News, 60, 192
Riots, ‘Swing’ (1830), 21, 24, 27, 34–5; Chipping Norton (1873), 122–3; Camborne (1873), 222–3
Roadmaking (by immigrants), 81–2, 118, 289–90
Rolleston, William (Superintendent, Canterbury; cabinet minister), 84–5, 264, 267, 347
Roots, George (Chairman of Kent and Sussex Labourers' Union, 1872–5), 65, 69, 255
Royal Leamington Chronicle, 33,
Ruddenklau, John (New Zealand landowner), 274
Saunders, Alfred (New Zealand settler and politician), 83, 276, 279
Sawmilling (New Zealand), 87, 248, 290, 301–2, 317, 321, 341
Scandinavia, emigration from, 36–7, 87, 90, 129, 312
Scotland, emigration from, 72, 257, 305, 316, 317, 329, 331
Seaton, James (New Zealand emigration agent), 39
Selection of emigrants, 8–9, 14–16, 96–7, 155, 349
Servants, domestic; in England, 109, 209; in New Zealand, 10, 278–9
Shearing (New Zealand), 60, 118, 270, 341
Shepherds, 109, 130, 156, 208–9, 275, 322, 334
Ships. For individual emigrant ships see Emigrant voyages.
Ships, emigrant; departure of, 51, 57, 69; rations, 58, 61–2; water supply, 58–9; sickness and death aboard, 55–62, 69, 70, 321; captains, 56, 59, 61; surgeon-superintendents, 15, 41, 55, 56, 61, 207, 238–9; matrons, 239; schools and schoolmasters, 56, 71; sailors, 56, 61; shipboard diaries, 55–6, 252
Shipwrecks, Cospatrick (1874), 78, 131–2, 132; John (1855), 226
Shopkeepers (rural England), 40, 148–50, 161, 176
Simmons, Alfred (Secretary of Kent & Sussex Labourers' Union), 64–70, 192, 195–7, 199–201, 205–7, 249, 251–2, 254, 296; earlier career, 64–5; emerges as leader of ‘Revolt’ in Kent, 64–5; union strategy of, 65–8, 196; leadership in 1878–9 lockout, 98–9, 203–10; accompanies Stad Haarlem emigrants, 99, 209–10; tours N.Z., 99, 258–9; his Old England and New Zealand, 99, 249; return to Kent (1879), 99
Smales, Revd Gideon, 44
page 400Social relationships, of rural England, 19, 20, 23–6, 152–3, 164, 171–2, 202–3, 330–2, 335; of Cornwall, 213–14, 220; or rural N.Z., 83; N.Z. contrasted with England, 11, 156–7, 194, 318, 343–4
Soldiers: use as labour during strikes, 115–16, 197
Southern Alps (New Zealand), 83, 85, 264–5
Southland, 81, 97; see also Index of Places
Sowerby, Francis (Lincolnshire farmer and philanthropist), 147–8, 151–2, 154, 156, 159, 338
Sowry, Joseph (New Zealand settler), 315–16, 318–19
Squatters (New Zealand pastoralists), 82, 83, 262–3, 265–7, 269, 271–5, 272–3, 383, 291, 339
Squires; see Landowners (England)
Statistics; of Brogdens' emigration, 5, 15–17; of emigration to New Zealand (1872), 40, (1873–4) 73, 77, (1875–8) 95–9 passim; of emigrant applications, 40, 100; of emigration to U.S.A., 47; of winter emigration (1872–4), 48; of Kentish emigration to N.Z., 183, 192; of Cornish emigration to N.Z., 211, 223–5; of letters, newspapers, money orders, despatched from N.Z. to U.K. (1871–80), 353; of birthplaces, Canterbury Province (1881–6), 352
Strikes and lock-outs; Warwickshire (1872), 33; Wootton (Oxon.) (1872) 115–16; Essex and Suffolk (1873) 71; Ascott-under-Wychwood (Oxon.) (1873), eastern and southern England (1874), 47–8, 73–4, 77, 181; Kent (1878–9), 98–9, 203–9; of Cornish miners (1873), 222; (1874), 223; of Cornish china clay workers (1876–7), 223–4, 230
Studholme, John (New Zealand squatter), 266
Sturt, George (English author), 336–8
Success stories of earlier emigrants, 60–61, 82, 83–4, 90, 153, 179, 256
Suffolk, 74, 75, 240, 256, 331; see also Index of Places
Surgeon-superintendents on emigrant ships; see Ships, emigrant
Sussex, 247; and Kent & Sussex Labourers' Union, 65–6; see also Index of Places
Tancred, Sir Thomas (New Zealand squatter), 266
Taranaki, 87–90, 96, 98, 140, 262, 264, 292–303, 294; general description, 87–8, 292–5; see also Index of Places
Taylor, Henry (Secretary of National Agricultural Labourers' Union, 1872–6), 49, 52–4, 70, 74, 84, 121, 123, 307
Taylor, Revd George (New Zealand United Free Methodist Minister), 118
Temperance Movement, England, 114, 150, New Zealand, 315, 317
Tennyson-Turner, Revd Charles, 144–5, 160
Threlkeld (New Zealand farmer), 273
Threshing machines, 145, 188, 276, 282, 284, 286
Timber industry (New Zealand), see Sawmilling (New Zealand)
Times, The (London), 30, 51, 96, 119, 121, 123
Titokowaru (Maori Chief), 88
Torr, William (Lincolnshire farmer), 147
Transportation, convict, 194, 278
Trimble, Col. Robert (New Zealand settler and politician), 299–302 passim
Trinidad, Indian immigration into, 42
‘Tupurupuru’ (Wairarapa), 283
Unemployment (New Zealand), see Labour Demand in New Zealand
United States, seeNorth America
Vale of Bedford, 179
Vale of the Red Horse (Warwicks.), 169–70, 174
Vale of the White Horse (Berks.), 174–5
Village life (England), ‘open’ parishes, 105, 135, 140, 144, 167, 168, 169, 175, 181; ‘close’ parishes, 142, 146–7, 164, 169, 179; estate parishes, 164, 168–9, 179, 185; free holders' parishes, 164, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175, 185; boundary settlements, 165; industrial villages, 165; decayed market towns, 165; hamlets, 165, 167, 169, 175, 179, 180, 181, 212; effects of access to waste land, 105–8, 164, 165–9 passim, 174, 179, 181, 188; effects of over-population, 175; shopkeepers, 40, 148–50, 161, 176; craftsmen, 152, 156, 165; friendly societies and sick benefit clubs, 150, 196, 204; charities, 171, 196, 245
Vogel, (Sir) Julius, 6, 96, 294, 355; public works policy of, 6; character of, 7; as Minister for Immigration, 46–7; meets Christopher Holloway, 86–7, 92; visit to England (1874–5), 94–5; becomes Agent-General, 95; and Kentish lock out (1878–9), 98–9
Wages (England), 19, 22, 31, 36, 97, 99, 104, 109, 115, 119, 146, 154, 165, 177, 190, 200, 203–4; setting of rural wage levels, 27; influence of rural unions on, 36, 67–8
Wages (New Zealand), 10, 11, 80–81, 83, 89, 97, 118, 127, 155, 157, 167, 172–3, 194, 195, 198, 242–3, 248, 257–8, 281, 282–3, 296–7
page 401‘Waimate Plains Co-operative Land Company’, 264
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, 21, 24, 262; ‘Wakefield’ settlements, N.Z., 262
Warwickshire, 33, 43, 44, 77, 166–74, 269, 287, 320; Feldon and Arden, 166, 261; Edgehill, 166, 169–70; emigrant parties for N.Z., 52, 61, 76, 168–9, 173–4; see also Index of Places
Wasteland (England), effects of villagers' access to, 105–6, 164–69 passim, 174, 179, 181, 188; examples of, 166, 168, 175, 179, 181
Wellington Province, 86–7, 98, 262; immigration (1871), 38; see also Index of Places
Westland, 86
White, John H. (emigration agent, Lines.), 76–7, 94, 135, 148–63 passim, 241, 246, 251, 268, 285, 301
Williamson, John (Superintendent, Auckland), 90
Women and girls (England), deserted wives in Cornwall, 10; and cottage industries, 110–11, 112–13, 180; women ‘martyrs of Ascott-under-Wychwood (1873), 119–25, 130, 281, 367n; domestic servants, 109, 209; as field workers, 113, 143, 175, 190–1, 227, 335; in Cornish mining, 213, 215–6; dairy maids (Cornwall), 219; outlook of rural young women c.1900, 333, 335
Women and girls (New Zealand), given preference in emigration regulations, 99, 100; wives' attitudes to emigration, 161; single women on emigrant ships, 238–9; in immigration barracks, 240, 242; augmenting family earnings, 60, 156, 209, 257–8, 269, 277; wages of, 156, 194–5, 209, 248, 282; as domestic servants, 10, 278–9; marriage prospects of, 74, 208, 247–8; housekeeping, 248; horse riding, 246–7, 282, 300; homesickness for England, 199, 314; help for widows, 254
Wray, Charles, A. (New Zealand surveyor), 88
Wychwood Forest (Oxon.), history of, 106–8, 111–2; a description of, 107, 109–10; clearance of, (1856–8), 112
Yarborough, Earl of, 140–2, 146, 333
Yeoman farmers (England), 20, 218–9, 232–35, 332, 336
Yeoman farmers (New Zealand), 83–4, 260–64, 267, 268–71 passim, 275–6, 280, 290, 339–40