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Settler Kaponga 1881–1914 — A Frontier Fragment of the Western World

Notes & References

page 360

Notes & References

Abbreviations

AJHR Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives
AWN Auckland Weekly News
CNZ Cyclopaedia of New Zealand
Farmer New Zealand Farmer (Auckland)
NZG New Zealand Government Gazette
NZJH New Zealand Journal of History
NZPD New Zealand Parliamentary Debates
Star Hawera Star
TH Taranaki Herald
TDN Taranaki Daily News
Y Yeoman (Wanganui)

Preface

1. Allan Nevins, Allan Nevins on History: Compiled and Introduced by Ray Allen Billington, New York, 1975, p. 128.

2. Ibid., p. 124.

3. Ibid., p. 127.

Introduction

1. NZG, 1881, p. 419, and repeated pp. 437, 469, 510.

2. TDN, 27/1/1940.

3. Rollo Arnold, New Zealand's Burning, Wellington, 1994, p. 118.

Part One
The 1880s: A Scatter of Clearings
1 Time and Space, the 1880s

1. Rollo Arnold, The Farthest Promised Land, Wellington, 1981, p. 264, for an outline of this movement.

2. AJHR, 1887, Sess. II, 1–7, p. 13.

3. See e.g. Press (Christchurch), 27/9/80, p. 1.

4. AJHR, 1883, C-1, p. 2.

5. Ibid.

6. AJHR, 1883, C-2, p. 37.

7. AJHR, 1884, Sess. I, A-5B, p. 1.

8. Star, 18/10/83 (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘OurOwn’).

9. NZG, 1884, pp. 61–63.

10. AJHR, 1884, Sess.I, C-1, p. 2.

11. Star, 3/7/85. (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘OurOwn’).

12. Star, 6/4/86.

13. Star, 16/7/85, 10/12/85.

14. Star, 2/10/86.

15. Star, 27/8/87, 12/10/87, 29/11/87, 29/12/87.

16. Star, 11/8/87.

17. Star, 2/9/87, 3/12/87 for Rowan Road; land grant dates for Opunake Road.

18. AJHR, 1888, C-1, p. 1.

19. Y, 18/8/88 (Manaia ‘OurOwn’); Egmont Star 3/11/88, Supplement p. 1, & 29/12/88, p. 15.

20. See e.g. AJHR, 1883, C-2, p. 37.

21. Star, 15/1/83 (Letter headed ‘Skeet Road’); Star, 31/12/86 (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘Our Own’).

22. Star, 3/7/85 & 29/7/85 (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘Our Own’).

page 361

23. Star, 23/8/82.

24. Star, 31/12/86 (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘Our Own’).

25. Star, 10/8/1900.

26. Star, 30/7/83. NZG, 1884, p. 574 (Ahipaipa Road delared a main road).

27. Star, 3/7/85.

28. Star, 21/7/88.

29. AJHR, 1882, C-3, p. 25.

30. AJHR, 1880, C-2, p. 3.

31. See map with AJHR, 1884, Sess. I, A-5B.

32. Star, 31/5/82, 2/8/82 & 22/9/82.

33. AJHR, 1883, I-9, p. 4.

34. AJHR, 1883, C-2, p. 37; AJHR, 1884, Sess. II, C-1, p. 61.

35. Minutes, Hawera County Council, 17/4/89, MS, South Taranaki District Council, Hawera; TH, 5/8/90.

36. AJHR, 1883, I-9, p. 4.

37. Star, 31/7/82.

38. Star, 19/10/86 (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘Our Own’).

39. Star, 2/10/86, 2/9/87, 3/12/87, 1/12/88.

40. Star, 27/6/88 & 3/4/88; Egmont Star, 4/8/88.

41. Y, 19/10/89 (Manaia ‘Our Own’).

42. Star, 17/8/87, 2/9/87.

43. ‘Our Own’, 7/12/92.

44. Y, 23/9/87, (Manaia ‘Our Own’).

45. Star, 13/9/87, 22/9/87.

46. Star, 26/7/87.

47. Star, 27/7/87.

48. Star, 27/5/87.

49. Star, 5/10/87.

50. Star, 3/12/87.

51. Star, 29/6/88.

52. Egmont Star, 25/8/88; 22/9/88 (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘Our Own’).

53. Egmont Star, 22/9/88 (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘Our Own’).

54. Egmont Star, 6/10/88.

55. Egmont Star, 17/11/88, 22/12/88.

56. AJHR, 1889, C-1A, p. 22.

57. NZ Methodist, 33/8/89.

58. Star, 29/1/84 (letter from F. Hursthouse); Egmont Star, 7/3/96, p. 18.

59. A.B. Scanlon, Egmont/The Story of a Mountain, Wellington, 1961, pp. 61–63.

60. Star, 13/1/83.

61. Star, 9/9/84 (Stratford & Ngaire ‘Our Own’).

62. Ibid.

63. Star, 14/9/83.

64. Y, 1/6/83, p. 5.

65. Star, 15/11/84 (Okaiawa ‘Our Own’); 19/2/86 (‘Kaupokonui’ ‘Our Own’).

66. W.K. Howitt, A Pioneer Looks Back Again, Auckland, 1947, p. 157.

67. W.K. Howitt, A Pioneer Looks Back, Auckland, 1945, pp. 62, 86, 88–89.

68. Ibid., p. 45.

69. Howitt, A Pioneer Looks Back Again, p. 244.

70. Howitt, A Pioneer Looks Back, pp. 86–87.

71. Howitt, A Pioneer Looks Back Again, pp. 92, 65.

72. Howitt, A Pioneer Looks Back, p. 90.

73. Ibid., pp. 194–95 (the ‘finishing’ of his education in Scotland).

2 The Making of Livings, the Quality of Life, the 1880s

1. Rollo Arnold, New Zealand's Burning, Wellington, 1994, p. 28.

2. Ibid.

3. Star, 27/8/81, 17/9/81.

4. Star, 12/10/82.

5. AJHR, 1883, C-2, p. 37.

6. Star, 1/10/83.

7. Star, 13/1/83.

8. Star, 23/1/83.

9. Star, 30/9/84.

10. Star, 28/7/83.

11. AJHR, 1884, Sess. II, C-1, pp. 60–61.

12. Star, 3/7/85.

13. Star, 31/7/86.

14. Star, 16 & 24/11/86. (All prices are for all trees except ratas.)

15. Star, 27/8/87, 29/11/87, 22/9/88.

16. Egmont Star, 3/11/88; Y, 29/12/88 (Manaia ‘Our Own’).

17. Rollo Arnold, New Zealand's Burning, pp. 268–77.

18. AWN, 1/6/89, p. 23.

19. AWN, 11/5/89, p. 8.

20. AWN, 16/11/89, p. 22.

21. Rollo Arnold, New Zealand's Burning, pp. 271–72.

22. Star, 7/10/82.

23. Farmer, Dec. 1889, p. 498.

24. Feilding Star, 27/3/84, p. [2]; Star, 18/10/87 (editorial).

25. AWN, 9/3/89, p. 22 & 110/8/89, p. 22 (both under ‘Eltham’); Farmer, Feb. '89, p. 49.

26. TH, 2/4/89 (Stratford ‘Our Own’).

27. Star, 8/2/88; AWN, 9/3/89, p. 22 (under ‘Eltham’).

28. Star, 29/11/87; Farmer, Feb. '89, p. 49.

29. AWN, 13/4/89, p. 22.

30. Egmont Star, 14/2/85; Star, 29/7/85.

page 362

31. Star, 15/6/86.

32. Star, 30/9/86, 8/11/86, 29/12/87; Y, 18/8/88 (Manaia Specials).

33. Rollo Arnold, ‘The opening of the Great Bush, 1869–1891’, PhD thesis, VUW, 1971, p. 448; Star, 6/6/87.

34. AWN, 27/4/89, p. 8.

35. Star, 19/10/83.

36. Farmer, July 1890, p. 269.

37. Rollo Arnold, New Zealand's Burning, pp. 272–77.

38. Star, 18/12/83 (editorial).

39. Egmont Star, 18/8/88, p. 7.

40. Farmer, Oct. 1890, p. 401; AWN, 27/4/89, p. 8.

41. D.A. Waldegrave, Family Album/Mounsey-Hutchison (1740–1974), Paeroa, 1974, p. 13; Farmer, May 1891, pp. 207–08.

42. Ibid, p. 11.

43. H.E. Combs, Growing up in the Forty Mile Bush, Hamilton, 1951, pp. 34–36, gives a good description of this.

44. Star, 29/7/87.

45. Star, 27/8/85, 6/6/87.

46. Star, 4/1/88 for another example.

47. Star, 24/11/86.

48. Star, 2 & 29/5/84, 15/6/86.

49. Star, 1/11/87 (‘Notes from the Bush’).

50. Y, 14/1/87, p. 13, 18/1/90, p. 7.

51. Star, 3/4/88.

52. Y, 4/8/88.

53. Y, 18/1/90, p. 7.

3 Episodes, the 1880s

1. Star, 29/11/82.

2. The account that follows is drawn from the Star, 2/3/83.

3. Star, 13/4/81, 16/4/81, 21/9/81.

4. Star, 2/9/85.

5. Star, 15/10/86.

6. Waldegrave, op. cit., p. 12.

7. The account that follows is a collation of information from reports in Egmont Star, 13/10/88, p. 7, 20/10/88, p. 7; TH, 5, 18, & 19/10/88.

8. Rollo Arnold, New Zealand's Burning, pp. 67, 242.

9. CNZ, VI, p. 224; Charles Edwin Major, ‘Seventy years of life in New Zealand’, MS 188, Auckland Institute and Museum.

10. TH, 21/3/90.

Part Two
The 1890s: Centring on a Township
4 Time and Space, the 1890s

1. Star, 21/9/93, 20/12/99.

2. Star, 20/6/01.

3. Farmer, Aug. 1891, p. 335.

4. See e.g. Star, 11/7/99.

5. H.G. Philpott, A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry 1840–1935, Wellington, 1937, p. 67.

6. TH, 7/2/90, 21/3/90 (Manaia ‘Our Own’); Farmer, Oct. 1890, p. 411.

7. Farmer, Apr. 1891, p. 207, Jan. 1892, p. 27.

8. Star, 6/1/94.

9. Farmer, Apr. 1895, p. 134, Apr. 1896, pp. 136, 143.

10. Star, 21/12/96, 18/1/97.

11. Star, 17 & 19/1/98.

12. Star, 4, 7 & 8/4/98.

13. Star, 19/1/99, 17/3/99.

14. Star, 26/4/95; Waldegrave, Family Album, pp. 14–15.

15. Star, 29/6/92, 1/9/92 (advt.), 26/2/96, 23/5/96.

16. Star, 10/8/98, 9/5/99.

17. A. B. Scanlon, Egmont The Story of a Mountain, Wellington, 1961, p. 68.

18. Star, 29/10/94.

19. Ibid.

20. Star, 6/3/95, 3/4/95.

21. Ibid. & 31/7/95, 15/11/95.

22. Star, 29/11/95, 29/2/96.

23. Egmont Star, 27/11/97, p. 11.

24. Star, 9/1/97.

25. Star, 5/1/98.

26. M.G. Lay, Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used them, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1992, p. 77.

27. Star, 24/11/92.

28. Star, 11/7/93.

29. Star, 16/3/93; Farmer, July 1893, p. 270.

30. Star, 7/5/94.

31. Ibid., & 19/6/94.

32. Star, 29/6/97.

33. Star, 19/1/99, 18/4/99, 9/5/99.

34. Star, 16/9/98.

35. Star, 11/11/99.

36. Star, 22/4/95.

37. Star, 8/4/95, 27/12/95, 6/8/96, 3/9/96, 21/4/97.

38. Star, 17/4/91, 21/4/92 (‘Around and About’).

page 363

39. Star, 9/10/96.

40. Star, 19/6/94, 10/9/94, 14/4/98, 12/12/02.

41. Star, 7/1/93, 15/3/96, 22/5/99, 20/10/94 (advt), 2/2/98 (‘Notes by the Way’).

42. Percy William Allen, ‘To the Editor of the Kaponga Buster. My first night in Taranaki’, MS in possession of S.T. Allen, Stratford. Beginning as a grocer's assistant, Allen's Kaponga career included owning a garage and carrying business. He was active in the town's public life and became a JP.

43. TH, 2/7/90 (advt); Star, 14/10/91.

44. C.W. Chalkin, ‘Country Towns’, in G.E. Mingay, ed., The Rural Idyll, London, 1989, p. 38.

45. H.E. Bracey, English Rural Life, London, 1959, pp. 160–64.

46. Star, 26/4/95, 14 & 21/3/98.

47. Star, 21/10/91.

48. Star, 11/3/92.

49. Star, 3/4/94, 5 & 14/6/95, 1/4/96.

50. Star, 18/1/97, 2/2/97, 26/7/99.

51. Star, 5/2/98, 17/2/99.

52. Star, 5/11/94.

53. Star, 6/11/94, 8/4/95, 19/2/97, 19/3/97, 7/4/98.

54. E.g. Star, 20/7/92 (two editorials).

55. Star, 19/4/95, 29/6/97; Kaponga School, Log Book, 29/3/95.

56. NZPD, 77, 87.

57. E.g. Star, 11/1/93.

58. David Hamer, The New Zealand Liberals, Auckland, 1988, p. 98.

59. NZPD, 91, 100.

60. Star, 1/5/13.

61. NZPD, 91, 100.

62. Star, 25/5/99.

5 The Making of Livings, the 1890s

1. Fred A. Shannon, The Farmer's Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860–1897, New York, 1945, p. 256.

2. NZG, 18/5/81 (won by Edendale).

3. AJHR, 1890, I-6A, p. 15.

4. CNZ, III, p. 668.

5. Star, 14/6/17 for his obituary.

6. CNZ, III, pp. 743, 746.

7. AJHR, 1892, C-2, pp. 25–27.

8. Star, 2/12/92; H.G. Philpott, A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry, 1840–1935, Wellington, 1937, pp. 77 & 94.

9. Farmer, July 1890, p. 269; Star, 21/10/91.

10. Star, 2/4/92, 11/3/93, 10/8/98, 26/7/99.

11. Farmer, Aug. 1894, p. 285; Star, 15/1/21 94.

12. Star, 21/9/93.

13. Star, 5/8/96.

14. Ibid.; The Mangatoki Co-operative Dairy Company Ltd Jubilee: 1900–1950, p. 2.

15. ‘Mangatoki Co-op Dairy Co. Ltd [sic]: Minute Books: 1896–1900’, MS, Massey University Library, Palmerston North.

16. Star, 1/3/98.

17. Star, 8/4/98 (Mangawhero ‘Our Own’).

18. CNZ, I, pp. 1368–69.

19. ‘Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Kaponga Co-operative Dairy Company Ltd’, Kaponga Co-op. Dairy Company Ltd. Records, MS, Massey University Library, Palmerston North.

20. Star, 18/4/98.

21. Star, 3/5/98; Kaponga Dairy Co Ltd, [Extracts from the company's minutes], MS 213/0, Taranaki Museum, New Plymouth.

22. Star, 30/6/98.

23. Philpott, op. cit., p. 89.

24. Star, 1/11/98.

25. Star, 10/8/98, 25/4/99, 9/5/99, 26/7/99.

26. See e.g. Farmer, Sept. 1893, p. 337.

27. Farmer, Sept. 1893, p. 337, Feb. 1895, p. 60; Star, 30/10/95 & 13/1/97 (Farm & Dairy).

28. Farmer, May 1895, p. 176.

29. Y, 1/6/83, p. 5, 10/8/83, p. 4.

30. Farmer, June 1895, p. 226.

31. Star, 29/9/99 (‘Our Own’), 1/12/98 (Advt).

32. Star, 5, 12 & 24/6/97.

33. Star, 19/6/97, 27/5/87, 27/7/95, 26/2/94.

34. See e.g., Star, 5/7/99.

35. Star, 13/2/92, 11/4/92.

36. Star, 7/12/92.

37. Star, 24/7/99, 1/11/99.

38. Star, 5/8/95, 28/9/95, 25/11/98.

39. Star, 19/9/99, 1/11/99.

40. Y, 1/1/81, p. 11; Waikato Times, 2/10/58. The ‘Battle’ was a notable Maori settler clash and is well described in Arnold Pickmere, In Thy Toil Rejoice: The Story of J.J. Patterson, [np.], 1990, pp. 90–97.

41. Star, 10/8/98, 5/9/98.

42. Star, 25/4/99.

43. Auckland Star, 31/7/1930 (Obituary).

44. The Misses Young's workshop of our illustration is not listed in Table 5.1 page 364 because it does not ccur either in Wise's or the Star. The concern must have been shortlived.

45. Star, 9/1/97,13/2/97 (advts).

46. Star, 9/4/94, 7/5/94, 20/3/97 (advt), 22/5/99.

6 The Quality of Life, the 1890s

1. Star, 25/1/92; Farmer, Sept. 1893, p. 337, Feb, 1895, p. 226.

2. J.S. Tullett, The Industrious Heart: A History of New Plymouth, New Plymouth, 1981, p. 235.

3. Star, 1/3/98, 25/11/98, 13/4/99.

4. See e.g. Star, 26/5/97, 5/6/97; Egmont Star, 24/7/97.

5. Star, 25/10/99.

6. Star, 19/6/94, 26/4/95.

7. See e.g. Star, 11/12/09.

8. Star, 2/10/94.

9. Star, 6/5/92, 26/5/92, 30/6/92, 20/7/92, 14/10/92.

10. Star, 7/7/93, 20/4/94.

11. Star, 15/10/96 seems to be the last report of it.

12. Star, 14/6/95, 15/6/98, 8/7/98.

13. Star, 3/9/99.

14. John C. Hosie, Centennial History of Manaia and Manaia School, 1882–1982, Manaia, 1982, p. 49.

15. William Morley, The History of Methodism in New Zealand, Wellington, 1990, p. 302; Star, 14/10/91, 7/4/94.

16. See Rollo Arnold, ‘The Patterns of Denominationalism in Later Victorian New Zealand’, in C. Nichol and J. Veitch, eds, Religion in New Zealand, Wellington, 1980, pp. 76–110.

17. O.M. Stent, Memories of Kaponga, Wellington, [1916], p. 10.

18. Patrick S. Crowley, St Patrick's Convent Jubilee 1921–1971: Early History of the Church in Kaponga, [Eltham, 1972].

19. Star, 19/1/99.

20. Star, 17/3/99, 5/4/99, 9/8/99, 23/8/00.

21. Rosemary K. Goodyear, ‘Black Boots and Pinafores: Childhood in Otago 1900–1920’, MA thesis, University of Otago, 1992.

22. Wanganui Education Board, School Rolls 1892, ABDV/W3571, National Archives of New Zealand, Wellington.

23. Star, 23/11/94.

24. Inspector's report, Kaponga School, 22/11/94, Wanganui Education Board, Minute Book 1894, ABDV/W3571, National Archives of New Zealand, Wellington.

25. Wanganui Education Board, School Rolls 1894; Star, 15/11/94, 8/4/95, 16/9/96, 3/11/96, 31/3/97, 24/6/97.

26. New Zealand Schoolmaster, January 1896, p. 82 (Wanganui correspondent).

27. AJHR, 1890, E-1B, p. 5; AJHR, 1891, E-1B, p. 6.

28. Y, 13/11/97, p. 7.

29. Wanganui Education Board, Minute Book, 1898, ABDV/W3571/99, National Archives of New Zealand, Wellington.

30. AJHR, 1898, E-1B, p. 18.

31. Wanganui Education Board, School Rolls 1898.

32. Colin McGeorge, ‘School Attendance and Child Labour 1890–1914’, Historical News, No. 46, May 1983, p. 18.

33. Lionel Rose, The Erosion of Childhood, London, 1991, p. 147.

7 Episodes, the 1890s

1. This account is based on the initial inquest meeting as reported in Star, 26/4/97 and the adjourned meeting as reported in Opunake Times 14/5/97.

2. H. G. Philpott, A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry, 1840–1935, Wellington, 1937, p. 87.

3. Reprinted in Patea & County Press, 13/8/97.

4. AJHR, 1905, C-4, p. 1082.

Part Three
1900–14: Trials and Triumphs
8 Time and Space, 1900–14

1. Star, 7/1/07 has the text, as sung at the Hawera Caledonian Society's New Year's Eve concert, and notes telling of its Hawera origins.

2. Anthony Cooper, ‘The Australian Historiography of the First World War: Who is Deluded?’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 40, 1, 1993, pp. 16–35, for a pertinent discussion of this matter.

3. On this see Star, 11/11/11 (letter ‘A Grave Question’).

4. Star, 18 & 27/1/09.

5. Star, 26/1/07.

6. Star, 7/1/01, 5/3/01, 2, 22 & 29/4/01, 23/7/01.

7. Star, 26/11/04.

page 365

8. Star, 5/3/05.

9. Star, 25/10/04, 23/3/05.

10. Star, 6/9/05.

11. Star, 10/10/05.

12. Star, 18/7/06.

13. Star, 21/1/09, 22/9/11, 29/11/12.

14. Star, 12/9/05.

15. Star, 19/4/06.

16. Star, 19/6/06, 25/6/06 (advt), 29/6/06.

17. Star, 22/8/06.

18. Star, 20/9/06.

19. Star, 18/10/06.

20. Star, 10 & 22/9/06.

21. Star, 22/9/06, 26/10/06.

22. Star, 9 & 19/1/07.

23. Star, 13/5/07, 28/9/07, 24/10/07.

24. Star, 22/11/06, 19/12/06, 2/6/08.

25. Star, 28/6/11.

26. Star, 10/7/12, 31/8/12.

27. Star, 30/11/08.

28. Star, 4/9/06 (editorial), 6/9/06.

29. Star, 16/7/08, 30/11/05.

30. Star, 1 & 16/8/06.

31. AJHR, 1908, D-10.

32. AJHR, 1912, Sess. II, D-8.

33. Star, 11/3/13.

34. Star, 23/6/13, 10/9/13.

35. Star, 14 & 24/6/02.

36. Star, 26/3/08.

37. AJHR, 1903, H-2, p. 17; AJHR, 1912, Sess. II, D-8, p. 5.

38. Star, 19/11/03, 20/10/04.

39. Star, 8/5/05.

40. Star, 5/4/09 (Awatuna East ‘Our Own’).

41. AJHR, 1900, C-1, p. 35.

42. Star, 23/3/05, 10/4/05, 13/2/06, 10 & 26/2/09, 11/4/10, 20/10/10.

43. See e.g. Star, 24/9/06 & 13/7/07 (both Awatuna East ‘Our Own’), 21/1/09 & 26/2/12 (both Town Board), 15/1/12 (Eltham Co. Co.).

44. AJHR, 1903, D-1, pp. iv, ix.

45. Star, 23/7/06.

46. Star, 11/7/06.

47. Star, 9/12/07.

48. Star, 18/8/08, 14/9/08, 17 & 30/11/09.

49. Star, 14/12/10.

50. Star, 20/2/11.

51. Star, 31/10/02, 10/10/04, 18/10/06, 28/10/07.

52. Star, 10 & 14/3/13, 11/4/13.

53. Star, 7/1/14.

54. Star, 14/1/02.

55. Bill Jamieson, Mollers: A Family Business, New Plymouth, 1982, esp. pp. 6–15; Star, 8/3/09.

56. Eltham Argus, 23/1/04.

57. Star, 20/5/08.

58. Star, 12/10/08.

59. Star, 2/12/08.

60. Star, 8/7/14.

61. Star, 19/3/14.

62. Star, 12/10/14.

9 The Making of Livings, 1900–14

1. Star, 7/9/01, 8/9/14.

2. H. G. Philpott, A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry, 1840–1935, Wellington, 1937, pp.376–403.

3. Star, 26/2/07, 22/4/08, 1/5/08, 13/9/09.

4. Star, 14/5/12 (advt).

5. Star, 29/3/05.

6. Star, 23/3/01; Kaponga Dairy Co Ltd, minutes, 7/7/98.

7. Star, 17/8/06; Kaponga Dairy Co Ltd, minutes, 9/12/02; ‘Egmont Box Co: Minute Book 1906–1914’, MS, Massey University Library, Palmerston North.

8. Star, 8/9/98, 8/9/99.

9. Star, 26/2/07.

10. Star, 21/11/07, 10/12/07.

11. Star, 13/8/06, 3/9/07.

12. Star, 22/12/08, 7/9/09.

13. Star, 3/9/12.

14. Star, 8/9/14.

15. Following the Auckland A & P shield win mentioned below.

16. Star, 30/7/01.

17. Star, 25/6/07, 27/7/07, AJHR, 1908, H-11, p. 65.

18. Star, 24/9/10.

19. See e.g. Star, 16/12/05, 1/8/07.

20. Philpott, op. cit., pp. 131, 133.

21. AJHR, 1912, Sess. II, H-18, pp. 397–99.

22. Department of Agriculture, Report, 1900, p. 84; 1902, p. 41; 1903, p. 128.

23. Ibid., 1903, p. 129; Star, 29/10/00 (‘Our Own’).

24. Star, 3/5/06 (‘Our Own’), 25/6/06 (advts); AJHR, 1905, 1–12B, p. 11.

25. Star, 17/12/06 (advt).

26. Star, 19/11/07.

27. Star, 14/3/10.

28. See e.g. Star, 30/7/01, 6/1/05, 21/2/06, 20 & 22/10/06, 26/11/07, 8/10/08.

29. Star, 24/2/06.

30. Star, 23/2/06.

31. AJHR, 1912, Sess. II, H-18, p. 262.

32. Star, 12/12/08 (editorial); Department of Agriculture, Reports, 1908-, passim.

33. A Swiss Club has flourished in Kaponga since 1952 as a focal point for Taranaki's Swiss.

page 366

34. Philpott, op. cit., p. 65.

35. See e.g. Star, 20/6/01 (Farm & Dairy), 12/5/03 (advt), 5/3/05 (Correspondence), 2/3/06 & 10/5/06 (court case), 15/7/09 & 23/1/08 (court case).

36. Star, 14/11/10.

37. T.W.H. Brooking, ‘Agrarian Businessmen Organise’, PhD thesis, University of Otago, 1978, p. 325.

38. Star, 1/11/13.

39. Star, 22/6/04; Department of Agriculture, Report, 1903, pp. 307–12.

40. Star, 7/10/04, 23/2/06; Department of Agriculture, Report, 1905, pp. 171–73.

41. Star, 7/10/04 Supplement.

42. Harold Perkins, The Rise of Professional Society: England Since 1880, London, 1989, p. 2.

43. References may be found in Betty Arnold, Kaponga People. A fuller discussion may be found in Rollo Arnold, ‘Women in the New Zealand Teaching Profession, 1877–1920’, in R. Openshaw and D. McKenzie, eds, Reinterpreting the Educational Past, Wellington, 1987.

44. Wanganui Education Board, School Rolls 1897, ABDV/W3571, National Archives of New Zealand, Wellington. This gives the Kaponga roll on the 1897 examination day as 101.

45. Manawatu Evening Standard, 6/1/1966; Turakina: The Centenary of a Country School, [1959], p. 42. (He ended his career in 1935 after 15 years as headmaster of Turakina School.)

46. On her death in November 1968 she was buried in the family plot in Kaponga cemetery.

47. Awatuna School & District: Centennial Celebrations 1893–1993, 1993, p. 23.

48. Wanganui Education Board, School Rolls 1897, ABDV/W3571, National Archives of New Zealand, Wellington.

49. Wanganui Education Board, Minute Books, ABDV/W3571, National Archives of New Zealand, Wellington.

50. Ibid.

51. Star, 4/6/11.

52. Ibid.

53. Star, 10/7/13.

54. Makaka School 1909–1959: Souvenir Booklet, [1959].

55. Ibid.

56. Amberley School Jubilee 1879–1948.

57. CNZ, I, p. 847; Star, 16, 18, 21 & 24/9/09, 24/2/10.

58. AJHR, 1911, E-5, p. x; AJHR, 1915, E-5, p. 34.

59. AJHR, 1909, E-5, p. 41.

60. AJHR, 1906, E-5, p. 24.

61. AJHR, 1910, E-5, p. 45.

62. AJHR, 1915, E-5, p. 34.

63. Ibid., p. 36.

64. AJHR, 1911, E-5, p. x.

65. Ibid.; AJHR, 1912, Sess. II, E-12, pp. 465–66.

66. Star, 1/11/11, 23/7/12.

67. AJHR, 1915, E-5, p. 35.

68. See e.g. Star, 25/6/06, 27/5/07.

69. AJHR, 1915, E-1, pp. 34–36.

70. Star, 26/1/10; AJHR, 1913, E-5, pp. 46–47.

71. Star, 12/8/02 (advt), 11/12/95 (‘News & Notes').

72. D.W. Maclagan to Mrs C.J. Brooks, 6/8/1962, MS 127 Waldegrave, Taranaki Museum, New Plymouth.

73. On this see P.H.J.H. Gosden, Self-help: Voluntary Associations in the 19th Century, London, 1973, pp. 112–13.

74. Harold Perkins, The Rise of Professional Society: England Since 1880, London, 1989, pp. 428–29.

75. Eltham Argus, 28/1/04, 11/2/04.

76. Star, 19/3/14.

77. Star, 12/8/07.

10 The Quality of Life, 1900–14

1. Star, 5/3/01.

2. Star, 12/8/01, 28/9/01.

3. Star, 13/9/02.

4. Star, 12/9/05.

5. Star, 26/2/04, 28/5/05, 29/12/04.

6. Star, 31/5/00.

7. Star, 2 & 6/4/01, 6/5/01, 15/7/01, 18/3/02.

8. Star, 2/4/03, 16/3/04, 8/4/04, 1 & 15/8/04, 6/4/05, 17/7/05, 7 & 8/8/05, 28/3/06, 14, 18 & 19/4/06.

9. Bill Murray, Football: A History of the World Game, Aldershot, England, 1994, p. 19.

10. Star, 14 & 16/8/06, 3/9/06.

11. Star, 26/2/07, 4 & 11/3/07, 7 & 8/4/07, 6/5/07.

12. Star, 25/4/06.

13. Star, 28/10/02, 16/12/02, 25/6/03, 1/7/05, 4/3/08.

14. Star, 23 & 27/10/05, 5/5/06, 17/12/06, 23/3/07.

15. Star, 6/4/08; TDN, 3/7/57.

page 367

16. Star, 28/5/08 (no reason is given).

17. Jock Phillips, A Man's Country? The Image of the Pakeba Male—A History, Auckland, 1987, Chapter 3 (the quotations following are from here).

18. Star, 30/11/08, 11/1/09.

19. Star, 12 & 22/3/09, 27/4/09.

20. Star, 31/8/12.

21. Star, 26/8/13, 12/9/13, 3/9/14.

22. Star, 8/3/07.

23. Star, 28/3/12.

24. Star, 22/3/13, 28/4/13, 19/8/13, 10/3/14, 28/7/14.

25. Star, 5/4/09, 14 & 17/9/10.

26. Star, 17/2/02, 3/3/02, 1/4/02, 14/6/02, 12/8/02, 2/4/03, 11/5/04.

27. Star, 6/8/03, 7/6/05, 1/7/05.

28. Star, 25/6/03.

29. Star, 5/11/11, 1/6/12.

30. Star, 23/9/10.

31. ‘Kaponga’ is listed in the 1891 and 1901 returns (but not in 1896) but the figures obviously refer only to the minority who did not live on either Eltham or Manaia roads:

32. David Rubinstein, ‘Cycling Eighty Years Ago’, History Today, 28, 2, Aug. 1978, pp. 544–47.

33. Rollo Arnold, New Zealand's Burning, pp. 214–15.

34. W.T. Doig, A Survey of Standards of Life of New Zealand Dairy-farmers, Wellington, 1940, p. 20.

35. Star, 7/1/01, 23/10/05.

36. Star, 25/6/03.

37. Winifred Davies, ‘I remember, I remember, the house where I was born’, MS 202, Taranaki Museum.

38. Carole Dyhouse, Girls Growing up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England, London, 1981, pp. 24–26.

39. The Kaponga signatories were: Rose Blaymires, Alice J. Frethey, Barbara Gibson, Martha Gibson, Cecilia Hay, Emilie Mackie. Signatories on the fringes of the Kaponga district were: Jeannie Candy, Elizabeth E. Luscombe, and Mary Watkins of Kapuni; Jane Henry of Duthie Road; Ann Burgess of Awatuna.

40. Caroline Daley, ‘Gender in the Community: A Study of the Women and Men of the Taradale Area, 1886–1930’, PhD thesis, VUW, 1992.

41. Ibid., pp. 88–89.

42. Elizabeth Roberts, A Woman's Place: An Oral History of Working-Class Women 1890–1940, Oxford, 1984, esp. pp. 110–21, 203.

11 Episodes, the Edwardian Years

1. Eltham Argus, 3/7/06.

2. The spellings ‘Pinseck’ and ‘Pensech’ both appear in the newspaper reports.

Epilogue Afterwards, and other Perspectives

1. Christopher Pugsley, On the Fringe of Hell: New Zealanders and Military Discipline in the First World War, Auckland, 1991, p. 9.

2. W.J. Reader, At Duty's Call: A Study in Obsolete Patriotism, Manchester, 1988, p. 34.

3. Jock Phillips, Nicholas Boyack & E.P. Malone, eds., The Great Adventure: New Zealand Soldiers Describe the First World War, Wellington 1988, p. 1.

4. Star, 22/9/19.

5. J.B. Priestley, Margin Released, London, 1962, pp. 130, 137.

6. J.G. Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914–1919, Oxford, 1990, pp. 1–2.

7. The quotations that follow are all from Fuller, Troop Morale, p. 175.

8. Star, 30/8/17, 23/3/18, 11/6/18, 26/11/18 (Gardner death notice).

9. Alice née McEneaney (?-1933) was the widow of Thomas Malone, who died in 1899. Besides her care for her own family of seven she was noted for the great help she gave to the poor, the sick and the orphaned.

10. Star, 5/5/17, 3/9/17.

11. Star, 21/5/17, 2/1/18; Hugh Cleland, ‘[Letters to] Lily’, 1917–19, MS 2340, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.

12. Star, 21/11/18.

13. See e.g. NZ Journal of Agriculture, 8,2, 1917, p. 343; AJHR, 1919, 1–12, pp. 198–99.

14. Star, 26/1/15, 24/2/15, 22/7/15, 31/5/16.

15. Matamata County Mail, 20/1/75 (obituary of M. Bates).

16. Alan Ward, A Show of Justice: Racial ‘Amalgamation’ in Nineteenth Century New Zealand, Auckland, 1973, p. 308.

17. Rollo Arnold, ‘Opening of the Great Bush’, pp. 691–92.

page 368

18. Chief Justice Prendergast's term in Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington (1877).

19. Star, 29/7/85, 30/9/86, 8/11/86, 29/12/87; Y, 18/8/88 (Manaia ‘Our Own’).

20. Star,20/2/06 (Awatuna East ‘Our Own’), 6/1/10; The following from MS 127 Waldegrave, Taranaki Museum, New Plymouth: Note added by L. Watkins to ‘A Short Account of Mary Watkins' Voyage…, 1879’; Owen Wilson, ‘The Hobbs and Wilson families’; Letter from Miss Alice Black.

21. Star, 28/4/13.

22. At her home at 5 Donald Crescent, Karori, Wellington.

23. As Elizabeth Burrows on 2 April 1924.

24. Joseph Turner (1867–1942) and Elizabeth née Eastwood (1868–1965).

25. Ken Dempsey, Smalltown: A Study of Social Inequality, Cohesion and Belonging, Melbourne, 1990.

26. Winifred Davies, ‘I remember, I remember, the house where I was born’, MS 202, Taranaki Museum.

27. Ronald Pearsall, Edwardian Life and Leisure, Newton Abbot, 1973, pp. 85–86.

28. The names we have found (see ‘Kaponga People’ for details) are: Charlotte Mary Anderson, Kaponga, Riverlea and Auroa (wife of David); Selina Bulst, Riverlea (wife of Julius); Nurse Mary Ann Gullery, Kaponga; Sarah Emma Melville, Kaponga (wife of John); Rosina Melville, Kaponga (wife of Alexander); Mrs Harry Robinson, Kaponga; May Rutland, Rowan; Mrs Sparks, Kaponga. The only one of these registered under the Midwives Registration Act 1904 was Charlotte Anderson.