^*acicular—needle-shaped

adnate (of apothecium)—see fig. 1. c.f. sessile and innate

algal layer—see fig. 11

*angiocarpous—belonging to the Angiocarpineae (see Key to Families)

apothecium—open fruit (see figs. 1 to 3)

arachnoid—of loose, net-like structure

*areolate (of thallus)—divided into small areas usually separated by cracks

*ascocarp—the fruiting body of an Ascolichen (i.e. of all the genera included in these keys)

ascohymenial—with the asci arising, along with paraphyses, from an ascogenous layer (hypothecium). Asci usually ± clavate (see fig. 6)

ascolocular—with the asci arranged at different levels, arising from a base of paraphysoid filaments (q.v.); true ascogenous layer absent and no true paraphyses. Usually asci are pyriform and spores thin-walled (see fig. 4)

*ascus—the elongate membranous sac enclosing the spores

*aspicilioid (of apothecium)—lecanorine, but innate at least when young (probably)

biatorine (of apothecium)—lecideine, waxy not carbonaceous apothecium; excipulum pale

byssoid—composed of a loose mat of hyphae like felt or cotton wool

*C±—giving or not giving colour reaction with calcium hypochlorite solution

*carbonaceous—black and brittle

*cephalodium—variously shaped excrescence of the surface of the thallus usually containing blue-green algae often of a different sort to that throughout the thallus. Usually dark.

*cerebriform—shaped and involuted like a brain

chrondroid—of ± conglutinate. horny, close packed, very thick-walled hyphae

*clavate—club-shaped

*cochleate—spirally twisted like a shell

*conglutinate—gelatinous and more or less fused

cortex—see fig. 11.

*corticate—possessing a cortex (opp. ecorticate)

corticolous—growing on bark

*crateriform—elevated like the rim of a volcanic crater

*crustose—thallus forming a crust closely adhering to and usually partly incorporated into the substratum

cyphella—a break in the cortex exposing the medulla, but corticate (see fig. 13)

*decomposed (of cortex)—composed of gelatinous and there fore indistinct hyphae

determinate—crustose, but of more or less radiately lobed circumference

*ecorticate—see corticate

*effigurate (of thallus)—having a distinct form

effuse (of thallus)—crustose, without clearly defined margin (opp. determinate)

*endobasidial fulcrum—branched, spore-producing, hyphae within a pycnidium where all cells of the hyphae (fulcra) can produce spores

epithecium—more or less coloured or granular layer formed by the tips of paraphyses (= epithecial layer)

*erhizinose—lack rhizinae (q.v.)

*esorediate—lacking soredia (q.v.)

*espinulose—lacking spines

* excipulum-= proper margin (q.v.)

*exobasidial fulcrum—branched, spore-producing, hyphae within a pycnidium where the spores are produced only at the tips of the hyphae (fulcra)

*fibrous (of cortex)—composed of filaments lying parallel to the thallus surface

*foliicolous—epiphytic on leaves

*foliose—thallus leaf-like (c.f. fruticose and squamulose)

*fovea—a pit

*fruticose—an erect or pendulous, “shrubby’ growth form with relatively narrow branches, organised radially internally

*fusiform (of spores)—narrowed at both ends

*gyrae—circularly arranged folds or furrows (adj. gyrose)

*halonate (of spores)—with a thin outer covering or epispore

heteromerous—structure of thallus differentiated into medulla and algal layer (opp. homoeomerous)

homoeomerous—see heteromerous

*hyaline—transparent and colourless

hypothallus—basal layer of lichen thallus, composed of fungal filaments only (see fig. 11)

*hypothecium—see ascohymenial

*I±—giving or not giving a blue or red colouration with aqueous iodine solution (usually on medulla)

*immarginate—lacking a margin

innate (of apothecium)—sunk in the thallus (see fig. 2) (also = immersed)

*involucrellum—a thickened outer wall of a perithecium; sometimes confined to the apical portion, and usually brown or black (see fig. 14)

isidium—small coral-like outgrowth of the upper surface of the thallus (adj. isidiose)

*K±—giving or not giving a colour reaction (usually red, yellow, or violet) with KOH solution

lecanorine (of apothecium)—margin contains algae; cortex continuous with that of the thallus; some medulla usually present in margin (see fig. 17)

lecideine (of apthoecium)—with excipulum only, no algae (see fig. 16)

lenticular (of spores)—see fig. 5

*lentiform—lens shaped

*lobulate—divided into, or provided with, small lobes

mazedium (or mazaedium)—loose powdery more or less coherent mass of spores formed by early disappearance of ascus walls

medulla—see fig. 11

muriform (of spores)—with longitudinal as well as transverse septa (see fig. 7)

paraphyses (in ascocarp)—sterile, usually septate, simple or sparsely branched filaments all rising to the same level, often expanded at the ends

paraphysoid filament—branched anastomosing hyphae forming hymenium of ascolocular lichens (q.v.); ends not thickened, and ending at different levels. Sometimes hardly differentiated from thallus hyphae

perithecium—fruit enclosed by fungal tissue, opening by pore (see fig. 14)

*pertusarioid (of apothecia)—embedded in warts on the thallus, as in Pertusaria (probably)

placodioid—crustose but of more or less radiately lobed circumference (see fig. 8)

plectenchyma—cellular structure formed by fusion of thin-walled hyphae (= pseudoplectenchyma)

*podetiiform—having an erect, podetium-like structure

podetium—an erect structure formed by extension of hypothecium (see fig. 10)

polarilocular (of spores)—cells joined by canal (see fig. 9), (also polaribilocular)

*proper margin—a rim round the apothecium, similar in colour and texture to the disc, and composed of fungal hyphae only (see lecideine and fig. 16)

prosoplectenchyma—as plectenchyma but cell walls fairly thick and lumen irregular

pseudocyphella—a break in the cortex exposing the medulla, but having no corticate rim (c.f. cyphella and see fig. 15)

pseudopodetium—structure formed by medulla or algal layer and cortex (see fig. 12)

*pseudoseptate—± equivalent to polarilocular (q.v.)

*punctiform—the size and shape of a full-stop (.)

*pycnidium—rounded tubercle on thallus containing minute “spores’

*pyrenocarp—a perithecium (q.v.)

*pyriform—pear-shaped

*rhizine (rhizina)—a root-like strand from the under surface of the thallus (pl. rhizines, rhizinae)

*rimose (of thallus)—divided by clefts into areolae

sessile (of apothecium)—see fig. 3

soralium—an individual area of soredia (q.v.)

soredia—granular or powdery masses of algae and fungi (adj. sorediate)

squamulose—thallus of small squamules, appressed or raised, and usually without lower cortex

*stroma—a special receptacle sunk in the thallus

*thalline margin—a rim round the apothecium similar in construction to the thallus, continuous with it and including algal cells (see lecanorine and fig. 17)