Part 2

(continued from Vol. 10, p. 128)

Key to New Zealand Lichen Genera

In order to allow identification of sterile material as easily as possible — a number of species are known only sterile — emphasis has been placed on vegetative characters as far as possible. The key will not necessarily allow identification of non-New Zealand species as to genus.

A number of genera are here recognised in addition to those listed in Zahlbruckner (1922-1940), e.g. Cladia (Cladonia pp.), Menegazzia (Parmelia pp.), Cornicularia (Cetraria pp.), Psora (Lecidea, pp.), Dimerella (= Microphiale), Omphalodiscus (Gyrophora pp.), Agyrophora (Gyrophora pp.), Lasallia (Gyrophora pp.), Chondropsis (Parmeliopsis pp.), Pannoparmelia (Anzia pp.), Placopsis (Lecanora pp.), Ionaspis, Miltidea (Lecidea pp. etc.), Micarea (Catillaria pp.), Psoromidium (Phyllopsora pp.) and some are eliminated as synonyms or for other reasons, e.g. Aspidelia, Phloeopannaria, Cladoniopsis, Melampydium, Nylanderiella, Calycidium, Phyllopyrenia, Pyrenocollema, Siphulastrum, Perforaria and Phyllopsora.

1 Thallus clearly fruticose or foliose or squamulose or with apothecia on whitish fairly thick podetia, but not byssoid	2
Thallus crustose, determinate and lobed or effuse, apothecia may be on thin dark stipes; or thallus a felted mat	— 82
2 Thallus fruticose, radially symmetrical or flattened and without clearly differentiated dorsi-ventral structure or with podetia or pseudopodetia	—3
Thallus foliose or squamulose, sometimes forming an isidiose crust centrally	—29
3 Apothecia terminal on podetia or pseudopodetia arising from a whitish or greenish effuse crust	—4
If primary thallus present, not whitish crustose	—6
4 Apothecia pink or brownish, lecideine; podetia chondroid, sometimes with encroaching algal layer and cortex; spores 6-8	Baeomycespage 47
Apothecia lecanorine, in tip of short thalline stalk	—5
5 Thalline stalk (pseudopodetium) c. 1 mm. diameter, not expanded; spores single, simple	Pertusaria
Pseudopodetium c. 0.3mm. diameter, expanded; spores 8— septate	Lecania
6 Algae blue-green	—7
Algae green, sometimes a few cephalodia present	—12
7 Thallus form determined by algae, i.e. of strands of Stigonema double filaments with investing hyphae not forming a cellular cortex	Ephebe
Investing hyphae forming a more or less cellular cortex	8
8 Thallus a mat of hair-like strands or alga Nostoc (not coastal)	—9
Thallus relatively shorter or thicker, or near high tide level	10
9 Dendroid; on dead wood usually: algae Nostoc; sterile	Dendriscocaulon
Not dendroid; dichotomously branched; usually on twigs; algae Scytonema; spores 2-celled	Polychidium (incl. Leptogidium)
10 Subalpine, on soil and debris; apothecia lecidine; algae Scytonema	Parmeliella
Coastal, on rock; apothecia lecanorine or pertusarioid; algae Calothrix	—11
11 Algae parallel to long axis; thallus elongate, branched	Lichina
Algae irregularly arranged; thallus forming 2-5 mm. diameter cushions of simple warts	Homopsella
12 Thallus (or podetium) hollow, more or less radially symmetrical	—13
Thallus not hollow, may have arachnoid interior	—17
13 Inner layer of thallus or podetium chondroid, more or less coated with algal layer and cortex of conglutinated hyphae.
Thallus consisting of squamulose or small foliose primary thallus with true podetium, which may or may not be fertile. Primary thallus often absent	Cladonia
Inner layer of loose arachnoid true medulla, cortex complete	14page 48
14 Thallus with regular network of holes or lines of holes; apothecia lecideine	Cladia
Thallus entire or with occasional large holes	—15
15 Thallus much branched, brown, c. 0.5-1 mm. diameter, spinose	Cornicularia
Thallus sparingly branched, 1-3 mm. diameter, not spinose	16
16 Thallus papery, ±3 mm. diameter, with occasional large holes, usually one side black, ends blunt	Menegazzia
Thallus fragile, ±1 mm. diameter, entire, white, acute	Thamnolia
17 Inner part of thallus of chondroid strands of thick-walled, conglutinated longitudinal hyphae, sometimes loose medulla also	—18
Inner part of thallus of undifferentiated loose hyphae	—22
18 Thallus distinctly flattened, white or rose-brown	Siphula
Thallus round	—19
19 Thallus some shade of yellow or greenish or variegated black and yellow, no cephalodia; apothecia flat; spores simple	Usnea
Thallus shades of white or greyish with cephalodia; apothecia usually convex	—20
20 Spores simple; apothecia immarginate; hypothecium podetiiform	Pilophoron
Spores septate; apothecia marginate, with simple hypothecium	—21
21 Spores fusiform, septate longitudinally	Stereocaulon
Spores oblong-ellipsoid, muriform	Argopsis
22 Thallus orange-yellow to red. K+ purple	Teloschistes
Thallus not orange, K not purple	—23

page 49 page 50

23 Thallus distinctly yellow or greenish-yellow, without dark brown or black parts; apothecia lecideine; spores 1-septate, hyaline	—24
Thallus shades of white, brown or green; spores simple or several-septate	—25
24 Thallus distinctly flattened, outer parts of cortex cellular; apothecia lateral, regular (sometimes spuriously terminal)	Ramalina
Thallus irregularly round, cortex horny; apothecia terminal, irregular	Thysanothecium
25 Cortex cellular or plant white and chalky	—26
Cortex conglutinated of vertical, thick-walled hyphae	—27
26 Thallus white and chalky or rose, flattened; on soil	Siphula
Thallus mostly or partly dark brown, roundish	Alectoria
27 Thallus of relatively short simple blunt fronds: apothecia lecideine, usually brownish green, round; spores hyaline	28
Thallus of relatively long branched, ± acute fronds, round or flattened; apothecia forming mazedium of dark spores	Sphaerophorus
28 Spores septate: thallus in soil, or on rock, inflated	Toninia
Spores simple: thallus on soil, not inflated	Psora
29 Thallus ecorticate beneath, over 1 cm. diameter, more or less distinctly veined; usually on soil or mosses; spores longitudinally septate	—30
Thallus not veined beneath	—31
30 Copper-coloured; algae very small; with internal cephalodia; alpine; apothecia adnate	Solorina
Grey-green or brownish; algae Nostoc; apothecia adnate on marginal lobules	Peltigera
31 Thallus underside with cyphellae or pseudocyphellae; foliose	Sticta
Thallus underside without these	—32

page 51 page 52

32 Thallus foliose (sometimes very small), shortly umbilicate (not stalked): upper surface dark; on rock	— 33
Thallus stalked or not, not umbilicate	— 37
33 Algae blue-green; underside orange-brown, upper sorediose	Heppia
Algae green; underside black, brown or pinkish	— 34
34 Thallus with a few pustules, edges brown, subsorediate	Lasallia
Thallus without these, esorediate	— 35
35 Apothecial disc smooth, without perforations or gyrae	Agyrophora
Apothecial disc with perforations or gyrae	— 36
36 Disc gyrate	Umbilicaria
Disc with central fissure	Omphalodiscus
37 Thallus ecorticate or with cortex of 1-2 cell rows; homoeomerous	— 38
Thallus with cortex of several cell rows or of conglutinated hyphae	—44
38 Algae Pleurococcus, thallus of greenish cochleate squamules 1-2 mm.	Normandina
Algae Nostoc, Xanthocapsa, or Prasiola; thallus distinctly foliose, dark blue or blue green	— 39
39 Algae Xanthocapsa; plant forming small cerebriform tufts from a single point; on rock	Thyrea
Algae Nostoc or Prasiola; plant not with central attachment	40
40 Algae relatively unaltered plates of Prasiola; thallus green; on rock; pyrenocarpous	Mastodia
Algae Nostoc, more or less in chains: angiocarpous	— 41
41 Thallus ecorticate	— 42
Thallus with 1-2 rows of plectenchyma	— 43

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42 Spores simple	Lempholemma
Spores septate	Collema
43 Spores simple	Physma
Spores septate	Leptogium
44 Thallus yellow to orange-red. K+ purple, or squamulose lemon-yellow and K-	— 45
Thallus if yellowish, larger or K-	— 47
45 Thallus K+	— 46
Thallus K−	Candelaria
46 Cortex plectenchymatous; ± foliose to radiate-effigurate	Xanthoria
Cortex of longitudinal hyphae; ± fruticose	Teloschistes
47 Algae green, usually trebouxioid or Pleurococcus Algae blue-green	— 73
48 Underside corticate; thallus distinctly foliose	— 49
Underside not truly corticate, or thallus of squamules	— 59
49 Thallus hollow, inflated	— 50
Thallus with continuous medulla	— 51
50 Thallus with perforations above; spores large, 2-8/ascus	Menegazzia
Thallus without perforations above; spores 8, small	Parmelia (Hypogymnia)
51 Thallus blackish, leathery; algae Pleurococcus; pyrenocarpous	Dermatocarpon
Thallus, if blackish, not leathery or algae not Pleurococcus; angiocarpous	— 52
52 Upper cortex cellular at least for the greater part composed of vertical hyphae, or if not cellular, spores simple and rough-walled; apothecia lecanorine	— 53
Upper cortex of vertical conglutinate thick-walled hyphae or of longitudinal hyphae	— 58
53 Thallus not attached to ground, curled up and yellowish when dry, erhizinose; lobes 1-2 mm. wide, espinulose	Chondropsis
Thallus attached to rock, wood etc.; if dying at base and erhizinose then spinulose and brown	— 54page 55
54 Thallus without rhizines on lower surface, more or less white and shining; foliose or pseudofruticose and spinulose	Cetraria
Thallus distinctly rhizinose or warted beneath, often darkish	— 55
55 Spores brown, polaribi- or tri-locular as a rule, or septate, hyaline to brown. If sterile, of greyish white lobes 0.5-2 mm. wide, mostly on rock, or of very thin small greenish-brown rosettes, or large foliose with foveae	— 57
Spores hyaline, simple; thallus large or, if small, colour otherwise; usually prosoplectenchymatous	— 56
56 Spores thin-walled, smooth; thallus not tomentose above; without hypothallus	Parmelia
Spores rather thick, rough-walled; thallus tomentose above or with hypothallus or with large-celled cortex	Psoroma
57 Thallus large, more or less free of substrate; spores septate	Lobaria
Thallus small, more or less appressed; spores polaribilocular	Physcia
58 Upper cortex of longitudinal hyphae; thallus narrow ± rhizinose; apothecia on upper surface; spores polaribilocular, brown	Anaptychia
Upper cortex of vertical conglutinate hyphae; thallus erhizinose; apothecia on lower surface, mazedium-forming; spores single, dark	Sphaerophorus
59 Thallus with network of dark anastomosing rhizines or hyphae beneath	— 60
Thallus usually smooth beneath	— 61
60 On soil; thallus with gaps like cyphellae beneath; apothecia on ends	Heteroclea
On bark; thallus uniform matted beneath; apothecia laminal	Pannoparmelia
61 Thallus several cm. diameter, greenish; ends free of substrate and not placodioid or attached at one end, or algae Pleurococcus	— 62
Thallus smaller, usually squamulose, attached at one end or placodioid	— 63
62 Yellow-green, on bark or mossy rocks; apothecia adnate on lower surface on lobules; algae trebouxioid	Nephroma
Greenish, on peaty soil; apothecia biatorine and laminal	Thelideapage 56
63 Squamules usually chalky beneath, attached at one end; fruits lecideine, on podetia; algae trebouxioid	Cladonia
Squamules otherwise, fruits not on podetia	— 64
64 Fruits perithecia; algae Pleurococcus; thalli dark	— 65
Fruits apothecia; algae trebouxioid or micarioid	— 67
65 Fruits with algae in hymenium; squamules red-brown	Endocarpon
Fruits without algae in hymenium	— 66
66 Spores simple; squamulose crust on rock	Dermatocarpon
Spores septate; small foliose on mosses, subalpine	Placidiopsis
67 Apothecia lecanorine; upper cortex usually cellular, or decomposed type	— 68
Apothecia lecideine; squamulose	— 69
68 Spores thick-walled, rough; usually squamulose; cortex cellular usually	Psoroma
Spores thin-walled, smooth; squamulose or subcontinuous; cortex decomposed type	Lecanora (Placodium)
69 Cortex more or less cellular	— 70
Cortex of irregular to vertical thick-walled or decomposed hyphae	— 71
70 Spores rather thick-walled, rough	Psoromaria
Spores thin-walled, smooth	Psoromidium
71 Spores simple; cortex thin, conglutinate	Psora
Spores septate; cortex thin, decomposed type	— 72
72 Spores I-septate	Catillaria
Spores several celled	Psorella
73 Thallus homoeomerous or nearly so, all cellular with Scytonema or a similar alga in ± longitudinal chains; spores 1-3 septate; on basic rocks.	— 74
Thallus distinctly heteromerous; if all cellular, algae not in oriented chains	— 75
74 Black, small squamulose; apothecia black, lecideine	Placynthium
Grey, placodioid-foliose; apothecia brown, lecanorine	Steinera

(to be continued)