Tuatara: Volume 11, Issue 2, June 1963
Keys to New Zealand Lichens
page 98
page 101
page 102
page 109
Keys to New Zealand Lichens
Part 3
(continued from Vol. 11, p. 56)
75 | Thallus all cellular, of horizontal hyphae; algae Scytonema; rhizines present; apothecia lecideine; spores simple | Coccocarpia |
Thallus not all cellular | — 76 | |
76 | Upper surface distinctly white, tomentose: apothecia terminal | Erioderma |
Upper surface not macroscopically tomentose: apothecia laminal | — 77 | |
77 | Fruit a pyrenocarp; algae ‘Polycoccus’, blue-green | Coriscium |
Fruit apothecium; thallus otherwise | — 78 | |
78 | Thallus medium to large, foliose, grey-blue-green to brown; not sorediate nor grey-blue with biatorine apothecia; spores septate, fusiform | — 79 |
Thallus squamulose to small foliose, if foliose, with soredia or apothecia biatorine | — 80 | |
79 | Apothecia lecanorine, laminal, corticate beneath | Lobaria |
Apothecia lecideine, adnate on lower surface; ± ecorticate beneath | Nephroma | |
80 | Spores 1-septate; apothecia biatorine; brown squamules among mosses on soil | Massalongia |
Spores simple; if brown squamules, apothecia lecanorine | 81 | |
81 | Apothecia lecanorine; spores rough-walled | Pannaria |
Apothecia biatorine; spores usually smooth | Parmeliella | |
82 | Thallus a more or less effuse loose mat of hyphae and algal cells, more or less powdery and structureless; sterile; grey-white or yellow | Lepraria |
Thallus crustose, effuse or placodioid, or a byssoid or felted mass | — 83page 99 | |
83 | Thallus like white cotton wool (similar to Lepraria but more distinctly lobed). or black or green felt of single-celled algal strands with investing hyphae; commonly fertile | — 84 |
Thallus crustose, effuse or placodioid, sometimes almost absent | — 86 | |
84 | Thallus white; apothecia white pruinose, lecideine; spores fusiform, septate | Sagenidium |
Thallus green or blackish, of Trentepohlia or ? | — 85 | |
85 | Thallus green felted; apothecia biatorine, orange-yellow; spores 1-septate | Coenogonium |
Thallus blackish hair-like; fungal hyphae dark brown; sterile | Cystocoleus (= fungus) | |
86 | Thallus with prominent purple to brown or reddish cephalodia; placodioid; shades of white, flesh or rusty brown; apothecia lecanorine (or aspicilioid) with cylindrical asci and simple spores | Placopsis |
Thallus without or with inconspicuous dark cephalodia or, if orange, thallus ecorticate | — 87 | |
87 | Spores formed in a loose mass (mazedium); apothecia stalked or sessile, open; on wood or other lichens, rarely rock, always fruiting (or not recognisable as lichen) | — 88 |
Spores not so released, or if asci disappear early, fruit perithecium | — 92 | |
88 | Apothecia stalked, long or short; thallus hardly visible | 89 |
Apothecia sessile; spores dark, 2- (rarely 3-) celled; thallus evident | — 91 | |
89 | Stalk short; spores ellipsoid, simple, dark; parasitic on Pertusaria | Sphinctrina |
Stalk relatively long, or if short, 2-celled | — 90 | |
90 | Spores simple, nearly hyaline; head globose | Coniocybe |
Spores simple, or 2-celled, dark; head usually turbinate | Calicium | |
91 | Apothecia saucer-shaped or convex, sessile, immarginate; algae trebouxioid | Cyphelium |
Apothecia with dark cylindrical margin; algae Trentepohlia | Pyrgillus | |
page 100 | ||
92 | Thallus yellow to orange-red and/or disc yellow to red or rarely dark, due to physcion which is K+ crimson or purple; spores hyaline, simple or more commonly polaribilocular; ± ecorticate | — 93 |
Thallus and disc if this colour, not K+ purple (a few spp. have red biatorine apothecia and are K+ red); spores simple or several septate | — 95 | |
93 | Apothecia lecanorine; spores bilocular; may be placodioid or subfruticose | Caloplaca |
Apothecia lecideine; thallus effuse or rarely placodioid | 94 | |
94 | Spores simple | (Protoblastenia) |
Spores 1-septate or polaribilocular | Blastenia | |
95 | Thallus clear yellow or blackish, thin, K− C−; apothecia clear yellow, lecanorine, sessile (never innate); spores single or pseudoseptate, 8 or many per ascus | Candelariella |
Thallus and fruits otherwise; if thallus lemon yellow then C+ orange or apothecia lecideine or aspicilioid | — 96 | |
96 | Apothecia dark, elongate or irregular (not deformed by pressure), or punctiform and arranged in lines; thallus effuse; usually algae Trentepohlia and spores septate | — 97 |
Ascocarps round apothecia or perithecia | — 111 | |
97 | Apothecia immarginate, adnate; (asci saccate); spores septate; algae Trentepohlia | — 98 |
Apothecia with distinct proper margin (and sometimes thalline) | — 99 | |
98 | Spores longitudinally septate, rarely pale brown | Arthonia |
Spores muriform, hyaline | Arthothelium |
99 | Thallus distinctly corticate; on rock; apothecia rounded, innate to adnate | Dirina |
Thallus ecorticate; if on rock, apothecia long | — 100 | |
100 | Spores simple; apothecia ellipsoid to oblong; algae green,? Trebouxia | Lithographa |
Spores septate; algae Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis | — 101 | |
101 | Spores longitudinally septate | — 103 |
Spores muriform | — 102 | |
102 | Spores hyaline | Graphina |
Spores dark | Phaeographina | |
103 | Spores 1-septate, finally dark | — 104 |
Spores 3- or more septate or if 1-, hyaline | — 105 | |
104 | Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; spores brown, constricted; on rock; algae green? | Encephalographa |
Paraphyses simple; spores becoming brown, not constricted; on bark; algae trentepohlioid | Melaspilea | |
105 | Spores thin-walled, cells cylindrical; paraphyses anastomosing and thin | — 107 |
Spores thick-walled, cells ± lentiform; paraphyses simple, unjoined | — 106 | |
106 | Spores hyaline | Graphis |
Spores soon brown | Phaeographis | |
107 | Proper margin hardly developed, pale; hypothecium pale; apothecia sunken | Enterographa |
Proper margin brown or carbonaceous | — 108 | |
108 | Excipulum originally covering apothecium which breaks through it; on leaves | (Aulaxina) |
Excipulum not formed in this way; on rock, bark or leaves | — 109page 103 | |
109 | Margin lacking beneath apothecium; hypothecium hyaline; apothecia roundish; on leaves (author has noted here ‘put in Lecanactis!’) | (Mazosia) |
Margin continued beneath apothecium; hypothecium brownish; apothecia elongate | — 110 | |
110 | Apothecia not in thalline stroma | Opegrapha |
Apothecia immersed in thalline stroma | Chiodecton (uncertain) | |
111 | Fruit a perithecium | — 112 |
Fruit an apothecium | — 131 | |
112 | Spores simple | — 113 |
Spores septate | — 115 | |
113 | Thallus with cellular cortex; algae Pleurococcus; thallus thick, areolate | Dermatacarpon |
If corticate, cortex not cellular | ||
114 | Thallus on rock, on damp areas, dark; perithecial wall well developed, brownish and/or involucrellum present; usually maritime | Verrucaria |
Thallus white or pink on a bank or soil debris and subalpine; no involucrellum; wall hyaline; spores very large | Coccotrema | |
115 | Spores acicular, several-celled, thin-walled; on bark; algae Trentepohlia | Leptorhaphis |
Spores ellipsoid to fusiform | — 116 | |
116 | Spores brown | — 117 |
Spores hyaline | — 120 | |
117 | Spores 2- or more celled | — 118 |
Spores muriform | Anthracothecium | |
118 | Spores cells cylindrical, thin-walled, usually 2-celled; paraphyses anastomosing and branched, soon disappearing | Microthelia |
Spore cells lentiform, usually more than 2; paraphyses simple and persistent; on bark | — 119page 104 | |
119 | Perithecia immersed in thalline stroma | Melanotheca |
Perithecia not in stroma | Pyrenula | |
120 | Spores muriform | — 121 |
Spores 2-many septate | — 124 | |
121 | Hymenium containing small algal cells; algae Pleuracoccus; thallus thick, ± squamulose; on ground or rock | Endocarpon |
Hymenium without algal cells; on bark; algae Trentepohlia | 122 | |
122 | Paraphyses branched and anastomosing (or absent); spore cells cubic | — 123 |
Paraphyses simple, persistent?; spore cells thick-walled? | Clathroporina | |
123 | Perithecia ± immersed in thallus, scattered | Polyblastiopsis |
Perithecia arranged 2-many in stroma | Laurera | |
124 | Parapnyses soon gelifying; spores 1- to 3-septate, thickish-walled; on rock; algae Pleurococcus | Thelidium |
Paraphyses usually persistent; algae Trentepohlia or Cephaleuros or? | — 125 | |
125 | Paraphyses anastomosing and branched; spore cells lentiform or thick-walled | — 126 |
Paraphyses simple or branched, not anastomosing; spore cells cubic, thin-walled | — 128 | |
126 | Perithecia in a stroma, spores several celled, longish | Trypethelium |
Perithecia not in a stroma; spores 1- to 5-septate | — 127 | |
127 | Paraphyses usually gelifying; asci clavate or pyriform; spore cells uneven if 2-, rarely 3- or more septate | Pseudopyrenula |
Paraphyses persistent; asci cylindrical; spores in 1 series, cells 2, even in size | Acrocordia | |
128 | Perithecia with long setae; spores muriform; on leaves | Trichothelium |
Perithecia glabrous | — 129 | |
129 | Paraphyses distinctly branched; on leaves | Raciborskiella |
Paraphyses simple | — 130page 105 | |
130 | Algae Cephaleuros; on leaves; thallus lobulate, subcutaneous | Strigula |
Algae Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis; thallus effuse; on rock or log | Porina | |
131 | Algae blue-green | — 132 |
Algae green or trentepohlioid | — 136 | |
132 | Algae Xanthocapsa; thallus thick, on rock; apothecia lecanorine | — 133 |
Algae Nostoc or ? Scytonema; spores simple | — 134 | |
133 | (Key not filled in here, but preceding characters lead to genus) | Pyrenopsis |
134 | Thallus homoeomerous, ecorticate, lobulate; apothecia lecanorine; spores rough | Molleropsis |
Thallus distinctly corticate, subsquamulose | — 135 | |
135 | Apothecia lecanorine; spores rough-walled | Pannaria |
Apothecia biatorine; spores smooth | Parmeliella | |
136 | Apothecia with distinct double margin, an inner proper one and outer, often crateriform thalline one; spores 2-septate to muriform; paraphyses simple | — 137 |
Apothecia with single margin, or if sunken in thallus, spores simple or 1-septate, dark | — 141 | |
137 | Algae green; on rock or soil | Diploschistes |
Algae Trentepohlia; on bark | — 138 | |
138 | Spores several-septate | — 140 |
Spores muriform | — 139 | |
139 | Spores hyaline | Thelotrema (incl. Chroodiscus?) |
Spores brown | Leptotrema | |
140 | Spores hyaline | Ocellularia |
Spores brown | ? (Phaeotrema) | |
141 | Apothecia lecanorine (or immersed in thallus), proper margin rudimentary or absent; algal layer under hypothecium | — 142 |
Apothecia lecideine, or if partly immersed, with dark margin or algae not present under apothecia | — 156page 106 | |
142 | Spores simple, hyaline | — 143 |
Spores septate | — 149 | |
143 | Apothecia sunken in thallus or rarely emergent | — 144 |
Apothecia sessile or adnate | — 147 | |
144 | Spores many, small; yellow or brownish; thallus, usually areolate—subsquamulose, ± corticate; on rock | Acarospora |
Spores 8 or less in ascus | — 145 | |
145 | Apothecia several in elevated stroma, disc may be punctiform. spores large, thick-walled; paraphyses thin, branched (see also Coccotrema) | Pertusaria |
Apothecia not in stroma; paraphyses medium, septate; spores thin-walled; on rock | — 146 | |
146 | Algae green | Lecanora subgen. Aspicilia |
Algae Trentepohlia, large celled | Ionaspis | |
147 | Paraphyses thin, flexuous; spores large | — 148 |
Paraphyses shorter and thicker, simple or sparingly branched; spores medium | Lecanora | |
148 | Spores thin (<203BC) walled; hypothecium ± subtended | Ochrolechia |
Spores thick-walled; hypothecium excipulum thin | Pertusaria | |
149 | Spores brown. 1-septate. ± polaribilocular | Rinodina |
Spores hyaline | — 150 | |
150 | Spores parallel septate | — 151 |
Spores muriform; paraphyses simple | — 155 | |
151 | Apothecia sunken in thallus, sometimes irregular, pale; spores with lentiform cells; on trees | — 152 |
Apothecia sessile | — 153 | |
152 | Paraphyses simple | Phlyctella |
Paraphyses branched and anastomosing | Phylctidia | |
153 | Apothecia scarlet; K+ soluble; spores 6+ celled; thallus corticate; on trees | Haematomma page 107 |
Apothcia shades of brown or yellowish, K-; ecorticate; spores few celled | — 154 | |
154 | Thallus effuse; pycnidia with exobasidial fulcra | Lecania |
Thallus determinate; pycnidia with endobasidial fulcra | Solenospora | |
155 | Apothecia sunken in thallus. pale | Phylctis |
Apothecia sessile, orange | Myxoclictyon | |
156 | Spores very manv in ascus. small, simple | Biatorella |
Spores 8. rarely 16, or less | — 157 | |
157 | Paraphyses branched and anastomosing; spores septate; algae Trentepohlia or micareoid | — 158 |
Paraphyses not anastomosing or if so spores ± muriform and algae otherwise | — 161 | |
158 | Apothecia innate, immarginate: may appear to have thalline margin; several-celled spores: algae Trentepohlia; on trees | Schismatomma |
Apothecia marginate | — 159 | |
159 | Algae micareoid; spores 1-septate; on soil etc. | Micarea |
Algae Trentepohlia or Phycopeltis; spores fusiform 3± septate: on trees | — 160 | |
160 | Algae Trentepohlia; margin complete; on bark | Lecanactis |
Algae Phycopeltis; margin at top, formed by rupture of initial covering; on leaves | (Mazosia) | |
161 | Algae Trentepohlia; apothecia yellow to orange; excipulum pale, K-; spores small, ellipsoid, mostly I-septate; thallus green, ± shining, thin | Dimerella |
Algae green; fruit characters usually otherwise | — 162 | |
162 | Spores simple, paraphyses various | — 163 |
Spores septate | — 164 | |
163 | Spores small, thin-walled. 8 (lor 16) per ascus | Lecidea |
Spores large, thick-walled; 1-2 per ascus | Mycoblastuspage 108 | |
164 | Spores I-septate, ± oblong, brown, without sheath; | Buellia |
Spores otherwise, or if as above, thallus I | — 165 | |
165 | Apothecia orange to reddish with radiate hyaline excipula, sessile; K dissolves to red solution (not yellow); hypo-thecium hyaline | — 166 |
Apothecia otherwise | — 167 | |
166 | Spores small to medium, simple to I-septate to submuriform with thin walls | Miltidea |
Spores 4- or more septate with lentiform or thick-walled cells | Bombyliospora | |
167 | Spores I-septate, hyaline | — 168 |
Spores more than I-septate. or if I-septate hyaline; thallus I ± blue | — 169 | |
168 | Spores small, thin-walled | Catillaria |
Spores large, wall thickened, ± oblong, 1-8 ascus | Megalospora | |
169 | Hypothecium purple; paraphyses branched; foliicolous | Tapellaria |
Hypothecium not purple, or if so paraphyses simple | — 170 | |
170 | Excipulum of loose intricate hyphae; spores parallel septate; on leaves | Byssoloma |
Excipulum of ± cellular structure or structureless; spores septate to muriform | — 171 | |
171 | Spores parallel septate, hyaline, fusiform to acicular | Bacidia |
Spores muriform or dark | — 172 | |
172 | Algal cells in epithecium; foliicolous; spores hyaline | (Sporopodium) |
No algal cells in epithecium | — 173 | |
173 | Paraphyses branched; spores usually brown: hypothecium dark; on rock | Rhizocarpon |
Paraphyses simple or branched; spores hyaline; hypothecium pale; not on rock | Lopadium |
Sterile Crustose Species
1 | Thallus white or grey-white or pinky-yellow-white | —2 |
Thallus yellow, yellow-green, brown or black | —6 | |
2 | Placodioid, coastal | Buellia canescens |
Effuse | —3 | |
3 | On bark, powdery or with soredia | —4 |
On coastal rock, chalky usually | —5 | |
4 | Soredia in ± circular soralia | Pertusaria sp. |
Powdery or ± smooth, very thin | Phlyctella uncinnata | |
5 | K + yellow becoming orange-red | Pertusaria dinota |
k | -Pertusaria antarctica or Pertusaria graphica | |
6 | Yellow-green areoles on black hypothallus | Rhizocarpon geographicuc agg. |
Not on black hypothallus | —7 | |
7 | Yellow or yellow-green | —8 |
Brown or black | —9 | |
8 | Continuous, thin | Rinodina thiomela |
Areolate or subsquamulose. thickish | Acarospora sp. | |
9 | Brown or red-brown areoles | Acarospora sp. |
Black, continuous or rimose, maritime or aquatic | Verrucaria sp. |
The End