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Tuatara: Volume 11, Issue 3, September 1963

Revised Generic Keys to the Hepatic Flora of New Zealand With Introduction and Relevant Notes

page 195

Revised Generic Keys to the Hepatic Flora of New Zealand With Introduction and Relevant Notes

Part I

The sub-kingdom of embryophyta of the plant world ‘includes all plants in which the zygote formed as a result of fertilization, gives rise to a multicellular embryo that undergoes its early development within an archegonium or embryo sac.’

The Division Bryophyta (bryophytes) contains the simplest members of the Embryophyta.

The Division Bryophyta is now recognised as containing three classes:—

  • Class 1 — Hepaticopsida (Hepaticae)

  • Class 2 — Anthocerotopsida (Anthocerotae)

  • Class 3 — Bryopsida (Musci)

The overall distinctions between Hepaticopsida and Bryopsida (hepatics and mosses) are, that the hepatics (liverworts) have unicellular rhizoids and spiral elaters mixed with the spores in the capsules (except in Ricciaceae). However, the non-thalloid or leafy liverworts differ from the mosses generally speaking, in the following respects: in the rudimentary and short-lived protonema; in the bi-lateral, frequently bi-lobed leaves, always without a midrib; in the usual presence of amphigastria (small underleaves); in the lidless capsule remaining in the more or less delicate calyptra until the spores are mature, then developing a hyaline and evanescent, sometimes elongated seta, and rupturing the calyptra; then commonly dehiscing by four valves; peristome always absent. Generally speaking the liverworts prefer wetter conditions than the mosses.

Hepaticopsida

The class Hepaticopsida which includes about 230 genera and 8500 species, is at present divided into the following orders:—

  • Order 1 — Calobryales

  • Order 2 — Jungermanniales (Jungermanniales acrogynae)

  • Order 3 — Metzgeriales (Jungermanniales anacrogynae)

    page 196
  • Order 4 — Sphaerocarpales

  • Order 5 — Marchantiales

Of these five orders, Sphaerocarpales is not represented in New Zealand. The orders are again divided into sub-orders and families. The delimitation of the families is in a fluid state, with differences of opinion as to whether the vegetative or reproductive characteristics should have priority.

Calobryales

Stems erect with three radial rows of similar leaves, arising from a subterranean rhizome without rhizoids, apical cell tetrahedral with three cutting faces, rings of thickening in the capsule wall occur singly in the cells and are parallel with the axis of the capsule. Capsule wall one cell thick, seta very thick, perianth lacking. Antheridia in groups at the apex of the stem as in most mosses.

  • Family Calobryaceae, Calobryum.

Jungermanniales

Plants foliose, differentiated into stem and leaves. Archegonia usually in groups arising from the apical cell and borne at the apex of the stem or branches, thus arresting further growth of the stem or branch, except by sub-floral innovations. Antheridia usually borne singly or in groups at the bases of usually saccate leaves (perigonial bracts).

  • Family Ptilidiaceae, Ptilidium, Mastigophora

  • Family Blepharostomaceae, Temnoma

  • Family Isotachaceae, Isotachis

  • Family Lepicoleaceae, Lepicolea

  • Family Herbertaceae, Herberta, Triandrophyllum

  • Family Trichocoleaceae, Trichocolea

  • Family Chaetophyllopsidaceae, Chaetophyllopsis, Herzogianthus

  • Family Lepidoziaceae, 11 genera, keyed separately

  • Family Cephaloziaceae, Cephalozia, Zoopsis, Adelanthus, Metahygrobiella

  • Family Cephaloziellaceae, Cephaloziella

  • Family Lophocoleaceae, Lophocolea, Clasmatocolea, Pachyglossa, Chiloscyphus, Tetracymbaliella, Saccogynidium, Geocalyx

  • Family Lophoziaceae, Lophozia, Anastrophyllum, Sphenolobus

  • Family Jamesoniellaceae, Jamesoniella, Cuspidatula

  • Family Jungermanniaceae, Solenstoma (Jungermannia), Lethocolea, Goebelobryum

  • Family Marsupellaceae, Marsupella, Gymnomitrion

  • Family Acrobolbaceae, Acrobolbus, Marsupidium, Jackiella

    page 197
  • Family Plagiochilaceae, Plagiochila, Plagiochilium, Pedinophyllum, Syzygiella

  • Family Scapaniaceae, Diplophyllum, Blephardiphyllum

  • Family Schistochilaceae, Schistochila

  • Family Balantiopsidaceae, Balantiopsis

  • Family Porellaceae, Porella

  • Family Goebeliellaceae, Goebeliella

  • Family Radulaceae, Radula

  • Family Frullaniaceae, Frullania, Lepidolaena

  • Family Lejeuneaceae, 20 genera, keyed separately

Metzgeriales

Plants (gametophyte) thalloid, usually flat, but with marginal leafy appendages in Fossombronia. Noteroclada, flabellate and pedunculate in some species of Symphyogyna, Pallavicinia and Hymenophytum, growth not arrested by development of archegonia, sporophyte mostly dorsal, ventral in Metzgeria, lateral in Riccardia, with or without a pseudoperianth, involucre not formed from leaves, thallus without pores.

  • Family Treubiaceae, Treubia

  • Family Fossombroniaceae, Fossombronia, Petalophyllum

  • Family Pelliaceae, Calycularia, Allisonia, Noteroclada

  • Family Pallaviciniaceae, Pallavicinia, Symphyogyna, Hymenophytum

  • Family Metzgeriaceae, Metzgeria

  • Family Riccardiaceae, Riccardia

Marchantiales

Thalloid, vegetative body consisting of epidermis, an upper zone of green tissue with or without air-chambers (with pores), and a zone of large-celled hyaline tissue. Rhizoids smooth and tuberculate, ventral scales or ridges often present. Special cells with oil-bodies present, some genera with peduncled carpocephala. Differentiation of tissues poorly marked in Monoclea.

  • Family Marchantiaceae, Marchantia, Lunularia, Neohodgsonia (Marchasta)

  • Family Rebouliaceae, Reboulia, Asterella, Plagiochasma

  • Family Targioniaceae, Targionia

  • Family Ricciaceae, Riccia, Ricciocarpus

  • Family Monocleaceae, Monoclea

Key to Genera of Hepaticopsida
(excluding Lejeuneaceae and Lepidoziaceae)

1 Plants foliose, differentiated into stem and leaves, archegonia terminal arresting growth —2page 198
Plants thalloid, prostrate, in a few cases stalked, thallus uni- or multistratose, archegonia not arresting growth — 53
2 Stem much flattened with leaves reduced to lobes, (in type specimen), glistening, cells large, inflated, branches ventral Zoopsis
Leaves not reduced to cauline lobes, branches absent, ventral or lateral, rhizoids usually present — 3
3 Plant stems erect from a subterranean branched and leafless rhizome without rhizoids, leaves radial in three rows, antheridia in a terminal head as in a moss, perianth absent Calobryum
Plant stems erect or prostrate, leaves radial or dorsiventral, antheridia not terminal in a head — 4
4 Elaters with one, sometimes poorly developed, spiral band, capsule valves not split to the base, elaters remaining attached to the upper portion — 5
Elaters with two or more spiral bands, capsule valves split to the base (except sometimes in Porella) — 6
5 Ventral lobe pitcher-shaped, keel very short, female bracts in 2-5 pairs, inner cells of seta ca. 30, branching Frullania-type, oil boides similar in the subgenera, stylus often present Frullania
Ventral lobule folded under, not pitcher-shaped (except in Jubula) female bracts in 1 pair, inner cells of seta 4, branching mixed, oil-bodies diverse in the genera, stylus absent Lejeuneaceae
6 Leaves succubous or transverse, bi-lobed with an upper (dorsal) and lower (ventral) lobe — 7
Leaves not succubous; transverse or incubous, variously lobed — 10
7 Underleaves absent, perianth present — 8
Underleaves present, except in three species of Schistochila, sporophyte otherwise enclosed, habit varied — 9
8 Plants small, dorsal lobe small, ventral lobe falcate, both lobes minutely denticulate (in New Zealand) Diplophyllum
Plants medium to robust, lobes equal or sub-equal, bifid, ciliate Blepharidophyllum
9 Dorsal lobes small, not broader than tall, sporophyte in a terminal dependent, hairy marsupium Balantiopsis
Dorsal lobe large, broader than tall, lying on the ventral and pointing in the same direction, sporophyte in a fleshy cup-shaped perigynium Schistochila page 199
10 Leaves incubous, except in some genera of Lepidoziaceae — 11
Leaves not incubous — 21
11 Leaves with an upper (dorsal) and lower (ventral) lobule 12
Leaves without a ventral lobule — 16
12 Ventral lobules flat, appressed to the lower surface of the dorsal lobe — 13
Ventral lobule usually saccate — 15
13 Underleaves absent, lobules rarely taller than broad, rhizoids springing from the lower surface of the lobule, perianth dorsiventrally compressed Radula
Underleaves present, lobules taller than broad, rhizoids scattered along the stem when present — 14
14 Plants often glossy, brown, pendulous on trunks and branches of trees, dorsal lobe acute, faintly toothed to crenulate, lobules bifid, underleaves four-lobed, antheridia in both bracts and bracteoles, non-sexual branches becoming flagelliform Mastigophora
Plants usually dull brownish green or light brown, dorsal lobe rounded, lobules not bifid, underleaves entire, non-sexual branches not flagelliform, perianth mouth bi-labiate, antheridia in bracts only Porella
15 Dorsal lobes entire, hyaline-margined, lobules horn-shaped, two to each leaf, diverging, underleaves entire, perianth large, plicate narrowed to the mouth Goebeliella
Dorsal lobes entire or toothed, underleaves 2-4 lobed, lobes may be saccate, pinnately branched, sporophyte enclosed in a coelecaule Lepidolaena
16 Plants minute to robust, dendroid, prostrate or in cushions, rarely tufted, branches few, or many and pinnate to bipinnate, lateral, of the Frullania type, may become flagelliform, ventral intercalary flagella often present, sexual branches short, ventral, perianths fusiform, three-gonous above, leaves 3-6, more or less deeply lobed Lepidoziaceae
Plants usually medium to robust, branches not becoming flagelliform except in Lepicolea, ventral flagella absent, female organ terminal on main stems or leading branches — 17
17 Plants more or less erect, may be rose-coloured or in shades of brown, all branching ventral and intercalary, leaves 2-3 lobed, lobes short, triangular, entire or toothed, underleaves page 200 smaller than, or equal in size to leaves, female inflorescence terminal, a narrow, cylindrical fleshy perigynium Isotachis
Plants without rose colouring, leaf lobes taller than broad, female organ not a perigynium — 18
18 Plants prostrate or scrambling in cushions, branching all lateral, pinnate, antheridia in bracts only — 19
Plants tufted, branches all ventral, few, not pinnate, under-leaves as large as leaves, antheridia in bracts and bracteoles, perianth terminal on main stem— 20
19 Leaf-lobes of unequal size, margins beautifully ciliated, with many-celled cilia, red-brown to brown, underleaves only half the size of leaves, sterile in New Zealand, so far as is known Ptilidium
Leaves symmetrically twice bifid, or asymmetrically 3-4 lobed, branches of unequal length, may be flagelliform, underleaves almost as large as leaves, female organ a coelecaule, strewn with paraphylls Lepicolea
20 Leaves approaching transverse, bilobed, lobes falcate (in New Zealand) a vitta of elongated cells being forked at the base and continuing throughout the lobes, cells with strong unevenly thickened walls Herberta
Leaves all bi-lobed and tri-lobed on the same stem, no vitta of specialized cells, cells everywhere with walls rather thin and with inconspicuous trigones, antheridia in both bracts and bracteoles Triandrophyllum
21 Leaves transversely inserted, succubous? in Gymnomitrion cuspicatum — 22
Leaves succubous — 27
22 Stems with cortical and medullary cells equal and hyaline, plants flaccid, leaves complicate-bilobed, underleaves small Metahygrobiella
Stem and leaves not flaccid — 23
23 Plants robust, leaves and underleaves fleshy, multistratose in parts, entire, brown Pachyglossa
Plants minute to small, leaves not multistratose, bi-lobed, underleaves absent — 24
24 Perianth absent, leaves densely imbricated and appressed, hiding the stem, margins hyaline, lower portions of stems often bare of leaves Gymnomitrion page 201
Perianth present, but modified in Marsupella — 25
25 Plants minute, leaves distant, bi-lobed from a narrow base, lobes often with toothed margins, branching ventral, perianth 4-5-lobed almost to the base Cephaloziella
Leaf-lobes never toothed, leaves spreading, branches mostly lateral — 26
26 Perianth modified, more or less immersed, a sort of perigynium Marsupella
Perianth longly exserted, plicate at the mouth, plants dark in colour (S. perigonialis) Sphenolobus
27 Leaves deeply divided into several lobes — 28
Leaves not divided into several lobes — 31
28 Plants usually in pale coloured mats, leaves deeply divided into segments, again divided into numerous multicellular simple or branched hair-like cilia, sporophyte in a coelecaule, more or less strewn with paraphylls Trichocolea
Plants small to robust, tufted or in dense or loosely sprawling mats, variously coloured, leaves and underleaves with entire or spinous-ciliate margins, coelecaule replaced by a perianth 29
29 Leaf-lobes equal or sub-equal, underleaves 4-fid, except sometimes in T. corrugatum, spines on leaf-lobes multicellular, female bracts relatively large, sub-floral innovations absent except sometimes in T. pulchellum, male bracts saccate Temnoma
Leaf-lobes unequal, spines single celled, underleaves 2-fid, female bracts medium, innovations absent, male bracts non-saccate — 30
30 Plants prostrate, rose-coloured, branching pinnate, leaves three-lobed, spores large Herzogianthus
Plants loosely tufted, light green, tinted brown or rose, branching cymose, leaves mainly four-lobed, spores small, may be gemmiferous Chaetophyllopsis
31 Stem with a hyaloderm of cells in usually eight longitudinal rows, plants usually hyaline and delicately soft, cells transparent, trigones mostly absent, branches all ventral, perianth (sometimes terminal), three-gonous with the third angle ventral, flagella may be present Cephalozia page 202
Stem without a hyaloderm, plants not flaccid, trigones small to large, rarely absent — 32
32 Cauline underleaves present — 33
Cauline underleaves absent, may be minute in Lophozia pumicicola — 39
33 Plants large, rigid, pigmented, leaves undulate, bi-lobed, stems with paraphylls, perianths large, deeply furrowed, with a sub-floral innovation, rhizoids scattered along the stem, distinct, easily recognized Chandonanthus
Plants not rigid nor pigmented. except sometimes in Lophocolea australis, leaves not undulate, stems without paraphylls — 34
34 Perianth usually terminal on the main stem. capsule walls 4-5 stratose — 35
Perianth or marsupium lateral, capsule wall two-stratose — 36
35 Perianth three-gonous, third angle dorsal, leaves inclined to be convex, entire or bi- (rarely tri-) dentate, underleaves generally large, usually bifid, margins may be toothed, very common Lophocolea
Perianth angles obscure, perianth more or less inflated, leaves round or with rounded apices, inclined to be concave, underleaves small or poorly developed, occasionally absent Clasmatocolea
36 Perianth campanulate, shortish, usually lateral, branching usually lateral — 37
Sporophyte in a marsupium near the base of the stem, branches usually ventral — 38
37 Leaves and underleaves not pouched at the apices or sides, leaves entire or toothed, underleaves variously shaped, but not excessively narrowly reniform Chiloscyphus
Leaves saccate at the apices (only in the type, T. cymbalifera), underleaves narrowly reniform with lateral pouches Tetracymbaliella
38 Leaves and underleaves deeply bifid, cuticle smooth, branches ventral Geocalyx
Leaf apices entire or irregularly sub-entire, cuticle papillose Saccogynidium
39 Sporophyte enclosed in a leafy perianth or perianth absent — 40
Sporophyte in a marsupium — 49
40 Calyptra basal with neither an enclosing perianth nor marsupium, leaves mostly rounded, but variable in shape, page 203 margins variously toothed, sterile specimens may be difficult to distinguish from Marsupidium; branches ventral Adelanthus
Sporophyte in a leafy perianth — 41
41 Perianth bilabiate and laterally compressed — 42
Perianth otherwise, usually five-plicate — 44
42 Leaves entire, plants monoicous Pedinophyllum
Leaves toothed (entire in Plagiochila, gregaria). plants dioicous — 43
43 Leaves opposite Plagiochilium
Leaves alternate Plagiochila
44 Apices and shape of leaves diverse on same stem, greenish black (S. virido-nigra, Auckland Id.) Syzygiella
Leaves mainly uniform on same stem — 45
45 Leaf apices bilobed — 46
Leaf apices entire — 47
46 Plants large, reddish, more or less rigid, leaves bilobed to ca. one-third, dorsally secund, trigones huge Anastrophyllum
46 Plants small, leaves spreading Lophozia
47 Leaf apices acute or cuspidate to spinous, prostrate or pulvinate Cuspidatula
Leaves rounded or with rounded obtuse apices — 48
48 Plants medium to robust, small in Jamesoniella inflexo-limbata, stems usually flexuous, leaves erecto-connivent or secund, variously pigmented, firm when dry Jamesoniella
Plants small, stems straight, leaves crumpled when dry Solenstoma
49 Marsupium terminal — 50
Marsupium basal — 52
50 Leaves often reddish, stems prostrate, marsupium long and slender — 51
Leaves green, papillose in Acrobolbus cinerascens (subgenus Marsupellopsis), marsupium shorter and thicker, furrowed in A. saccatus, otherwise hairy Acrobolbus page 204
51 Leaves entire Lethocolea
Leaves ciliate, glistening, beautiful, peat-forming, Acrobolbus unguicularis of Hooker's Handbook Goebelobryum
52 Plants very small, lowly, usually on clay, leaves brownish, margined, entire, round Jackiella
Plants tufted more or less, with stems sub-erect to erect, leaves not brownish or margined, often with a shallow apical sinus, margins sometimes toothed Marsupidium
53 Thallus not divided into layers of differentiated tissue, without pores and air-chambers — 54
Thallus divided into layers of tissue with pores and airchambers (rudimentary in Riccia) — 65
54 Thallus lobed in two rows with regular succubous appendages — 55
Thallus not lobed along the margins with regular succubous appendages — 56
55 Lobes rounded, involucre a laterally compressed tube, split at the top, resulting in two appressed flaps, elaterophores attached at the base of the cavity, antheridia solitary in small cavities on the midrib below the involucre, spores multicellular, rhizoids hyaline, rare Noteroclada
Lobes often angular, soft and membranous, cells large, involucre large, campanulate, capsule spherical, dehiscing irregularly, spores yellow, antheridia yellow on the surface of the thallus, naked, or partly covered by bracts, rhizoids red Fossombronia
56 Thallus sometimes huge, irregularly lobed, densely rhiziferous, multistratose, archegonia terminal, capsule onevalved. splitting on one side and opening until flat Monoclea
Archegonia not terminal, capsule usually dehiscing by four valves — 57
57 Sexual organs from the upper surface of the frond — 58
Sexual organs not from the upper surface of the frond — 63
58 Frond lamellate — 59
Sterile and female fronds not lamellate — 60
59 Frond rounded or fan-shaped, archegonia in groups surrounded by scales which are partly carried up on a campanulate pseudoperianth, capsule dehiscing irregularly Petalophyllum page 205
Frond elongate, sectioned off into succubous lobes with a lamella at the base of each, with pale spots caused by oilbodies when fresh, pseudoperianth absent, capsule splitting into four valves, antheridia numerous, may be gemmiferous Treubia
60 Involucre of lacinate scales, pseudoperianth present — 61
Involucre of laciniate scales, pseudoperianth absent — 62
61 Involucral scales cohering and forming a cup, amphigastria and elaterophores absent, capsule valves cohering at the apex Pallavicinia
Amphigastria and elaterophores present Calycularia
62 Frond elongate or stalked and fan-shaped, involucral scales at lower base of calyptra only, calyptra fleshy, no elaterophores, capsule valves cohering at the apex Symphyogyna
Involucral scales forming more or less a complete ring and much lacerated, calyptra shortish, sub-globose, elaterophores present Allisonia
63 Sporophyte ventral but just below the membranous lobed expansion in the flabellate-fronded species, and pedunculate at the base of the simple-fronded species, involucre and pseudoperianth present Hymenophytum
Sporophyte not basal, pseudoperianth absent — 64
64 Sexual organs on short ventral branches, frond margins and surface and midrib often ciliate. cells unistratose except at the midrib Metzgeria
Sexual organs on short marginal branches, fronds not ciliate, cells usually multistratose, no midrib Riccardia
65 Sporophytes immersed singly in open cavities on the dorsal surface of the thallus, elaters absent — 66
Sporophyte not immersed in tissues of the thallus, but in other combinations on the thallus — 67
66 Fronds frequently in rosettes, ventral scales in one row in voung thallus, terrestrial (except in subgenus Ricciella with long narrow thallus dichotomously branched), oil cells lacking, antheridia scattered Riccia
Usually floating (R. natans) with long ventral scales hanging down, distributed irregularly over ventral surface, large air- page 206 chambers present, dorsal surface of thallus leathery, pores present, antheridia restricted to the midrib Ricciocarpus
67 Archegonial group terminal, enclosed in a purple involucral pair of scales, antheridia in cushions on the main thallus, or on receptacles terminal on ventral adventitious branches Targionia
Archegonia on peduncled receptacles (carpocephala), antheridia not on ventral branches — 68
68 Involucre with one capsule, dehiscing by the falling of a lid, leaving a cup, gemmae cups absent, pores simple 69
Involucre with a group of capsules dehiscing by 4-8 valves, gemmae cups present, pores barrel-shaped except in Lunularia — 71
69 Carpocephala dorsal, stalk without a rhizoid furrow, involucres ascending with a vertical aperture, ventral scales large, hyaline-tipped, the upper portion protruding beyond the margin, antheridia in dorsal, sessile, horse-shoe shaped receptacles Plagiochasma
Carpocephala terminal, ventral scales not protruding nor hyaline-tipped — 70
70 Receptacle hemispherical, involucre two-valved, no pseudoperianth Reboulia
Receptacle conical, involucres tubular, pseudoperianths split into narrow whitish lobes which may cohere at the apex Asterella
71 Gemmae cups lunate, stalk with no rhizoid furrow, receptacle with four horizontal involucres, antheridia sessile, disciform, very common multiplying asexually Lunularia
Gemmae cups round, frilled or dentate, stalks with 1-2 rhizoid furrows. 5-12 involucres, antheridia in stalked receptacles — 72
72 Surface of frond reticulated, monoicous, stalk of carpocephalum with one rhizoid furrow, dichotomously branched, rays absent from carpocephalum. involucres cylindrical, ventral scales in two rows without appendages Neohodgsonia
Frond less delicate, dioicous, stalk of carpocephalum with two rhizoid furrows and not branched, ventral scales with appendages, constricted at the base Marchantia
page 207

Notes

Blepharidophyllum, couplet 8. This genus was made a synonym of Diplophyllum by Stephani, but was reinstated by Evans.

Herberta, couplet 20. This genus, so-called, is represented in New Zealand by Stephani's Schisma alpinum. Evidently Stephani preferred Dumortier's name Schisma (1822) to that of Herberta, which is a variant of Gray's Herbertus (1821).

Metahygrobiella couplet 22, is a segregate of Hygrobiella, which it replaces in New Zealand, owing to the small underleaves, the more delicate and larger leaf cells, and the cells of the stem being uniform without a hyaloderm.

Marsupella couplet 26. This genus has been included on the basis of an examination of a fragment of Hooker and Taylor's Gymnomitrion stygium from the Riksmuseum. The leaves are without the hyaline border and the lower ones are quite different from the upper, larger, widely spaced, spreading and comparatively deeply lobed.*

Saccogynidium couplet 38, is a segregate from, and takes the place of Saccogyna in New Zealand on account of structural differences in both the gametophyte and sporophyte.

Plagiochilium, couplet 43, is a segregate from Plagiochila, on account of its opposite leaves, but it is to be pointed out that Syzygiella has leaves both opposite and alternate.

Calycularia, couplet, 61. is included, as it is still not confirmed that Calycularia, cockaynii is not a Calycularia, though assuming that Allisonia is distinct, it is extremely unlikely that both genera are present in New Zealand.

Riccardia, couplet 64. Trichostylium, a name put forward over 100 years ago for a mixture containing Riccardia pinguis, has been resurrected, first as a subgenus of Riccardia, and more recently as a separate genus for R. pinguis. This, however, is not generally accepted.

Anthelia Dumort. A species of this genus was collected by Miss M. J. A. Simpson on the Homer Saddle, Fiordland, 6/3/32. The specimen, 106718 CHR, is very small with imbricate, bilobed, concave leaves and similar conspicuous underleaves, bracts relatively large, perianth wide, plicate, with the mouth hyaline and deeply lobed. In a personal communication, Dr. R. M. Schuster also reports a recent finding of Anthelia in Fiordland.

(to be continued)

* A specimen collected by L. B. Moore in the Mt. Robert area has been identified by Dr. Jane Taylor as a species of Marsupella.