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Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga

Contents

page [i]

Contents

Page
Introduction 3
 Acknowledgments 3
 Culture 4
 Geography 4
 Contact with Western culture 5
 The people 11
 Language 11
Traditional history 14
 Discovery 14
 Genealogical records 20
 Marriages of Toa 23
Social Organization 28
 Family pedigrees 28
 Relationship terms 29
 The biological family 36
  The household 36
  Birth 37
  Childhood 39
  Puberty 40
  Marriage 42
 Titular system 43
  History of the single and dual ariki titles 43
  The Whainga-aitu ariki 48
  The Whakaheo ariki 52
  Other titles 54
 Tribal history 57
  First divisions 57
  The tribe 59
  Subtribes 61
 Population and land 65
Material culture 70
  Houses and furniture 70
  Introduction 70
  Original house type 70
   Framework 70
   Thatch 76
   Interior 78
   Wall and door screens 80
  Whare taka 80
  Whare tuku whakararo 81
   Rarotongan types 81
  House furniture 82
 Food 81
  Introduction 83
  Fire 84
  Fire myth 85
  Cooking utensils and food accessories 86
  Flesh foods 90page [ii]
  Vegetable foods 92
   Variety 92
   The coconut 92
   Puraka 96
   Hala (Pandanus) 97
  Food preparations 97
  Fats and oil 100
  Feeding of children 101
 Plaiting 102
  Introduction 102
  Plaiting with coconut leaves 102
   Plaited articles 102
   The leaf 102
   Technical terms and methods 103
   Commencement edge 104
   Finishing edge 108
   Sheets, screens, and mats 110
   Cooking receptacles 114
   Baskets 119
   Eye shades 124
  Plaiting with lauhala (Pandanus leaves) 125
   Material 125
   Mats 126
   Baskets 127
  Fans (coconut leaf) 131
 Clothing and adornment 134
  Introduction 134
  Material 134
  Women's garments 134
  Men's garments 136
  Accessories 136
  Personal decoration 136
 Stonework 138
  Material 138
  Miscellaneous 138
  Adzes 139
   Stone adzes 139
   Shell adzes, haft 142
 Canoes 146
  Material 146
  Terms and technique 147
  Types 148
   Introduction 148
   One-piece dugout canoe 148
   Five-piece canoe 149
   Double sailing canoe 149
   Modern plank canoes 156
  Paddles 157
  Bailers 158
 Fishing 158
  Introduction 158
  Walled traps 159
  Nets 160page [iii]
  Angling 163
   Hooks and lines 163
   Ruvettus hook 164
   One-piece hooks 170
   Bonito hooks 172
   Bonito hooks, comparative study 187
 War and weapons 194
  Warfare 194
  Spears 195
  Clubs 195
 Recreations 196
  Play 196
   Dances 197
   Drama 198
   Musical instruments 203
Religion 205
 The gods 205
 Maraes 208
 Priesthood 209
 Ritual 210
 Minor gods 210
 Prohibited foods 214
 Religious objects 215
Sickness and death 216
 Medicine 216
 Death 217
The calendar 218
 Nights of the moon 218
 Annual cycle 222
 Rakahangan intercalation 227
 Stars 231
Literature cited 232
Plate legends 233