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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000
Index
Index
accountability 47, 78, 141-2, 194, 204, 207, 216, 237, 241-4, 251, 269-70
ACORD. See Auckland Committee on Racism and Discrimination
activists 79-80, 84, 135, 145-7, 150-55, 161, 171-8, 180, 263-4, 276, 282; concern with rangatiratanga 146-7, 173-5, 263; pakeha-Maori solidarity 151-2, 159-60, 171-2, 176, 178; pakeha-Maori tensions 176-7; tensions with elders 154-5; Treaty focus 153-4, 164, 170, 178, 182, 263-4; women 79, 152. See also protest
adaptation (Maori): cultural adaptation 3-4, 17, 80-82, 87; to modernity 2, 17, 44, 78, 79, 80-82, 94, 101, 137-9; to pakeha culture 17, 34, 44, 99; of rangatiratanga 7; to urban life 2, 34, 38-42, 44, 45, 66-9, 73-4, 77, 84, 85, 87-8, 120-23, 138-9, 140, 157; to western values 37, 38, 54, 122-3, 137, 280
adjustment. See adaptation
adoption (Maori practices) 34, 105
Adoption Act (1955) 34; (1962) 105
agency 3, 5, 9, 130, 197, 212, 222, 289
Akarana Maori Association 40, 66
alcohol consumption (Maori) 16, 20, 26, 35, 36, 38, 53, 115, 121, 124, 131
alienation 99, 124, 130, 146, 151, 152, 155. See also land
All Blacks. See rugby
amalgamation 1, 94. See also assimilation; integration
Anglican Church 65, 240, 257-8
anthropology 26, 29, 44-5, 53, 68, 81-2, 99, 118, 123, 136, 139, 219, 293
Aorangi Block 48
Aotearoa: reconciling with New Zealand 104, 151, 247, 292, 293
apology (by Crown for historical injustices) 201, 221, 239-40, 259, 266, 286, 320
apprenticeships 39
appropriation (of Maori energies by the state and vice versa) 3, 29, 59, 67, 77, 101-2, 109, 118, 127, 128, 141, 194, 197, 216, 231, 233, 235, 241, 243, 245, 267, 275, 290
assimilation: agents of 15, 28-9, 43-5, 48, 52, 54, 116, 122, 135, 160, 244; as equality 44, 127; forces of 54, 83-4, 87-8; Hunn report on 93-4, 98-9; inevitability of 15, 43-5; international conventions and 105-6; Maori support for 44; meaning of 43-4, 93-4; paradigm 18, 26, 35, 54, 59, 90, 155, 178, 184; policy/agenda of ix-xi, 1-4, 12, 22, 28-9, 34, 50, 56, 58, 63, 66, 74, 83, 98-9, 104, 105, 109, 111, 114, 123, 127, 146, 152, 160, 162, 189, 213, 232, 234-5, 248, 257, 270, 272, 275, 277; policy abandoned 129, 164, 165-6, 225, 290; post-assimilation 167, 249; reality of 40, 41, 43-5, 181; resistance to 2, 9, 83-4, 102, 119, 138, 151-2, 181, 290; and welfare 115. See also integration; urbanisation
associations. See voluntary associations
Auckland 25, 39, 40, 41, 52-3, 65, 66, 67-8, 74, 83, 100, 114, 133, 138, 144, 210, 230, 279
Auckland Committee on Racism and Discrimination (ACORD) 151-2, 178
Auckland District Maori Council121, 161, 179
Aupouri Trust Board 49
Australian aborigines 257
Ausubel, David 86
autonomy: collective versus individual 29, 40; continuum 276; 'degrees' of 272; in education 197, 270-71; impossibility of political 45, 54; Maori 84, 153, 155, 173-5, 179-81, 202-6, 211, 214, 216, 237, 238, 240, 244-5, 259,page 352 260, 263, 265, 270-79, 285, 288, 290-92; of Maori wardens 126-8, 130; of Maori Women's Welfare League 75-9; models of Maori 183-4, 276, 282-3; of national Maori organisation 56, 244-5, 269; of New Zealand Maori Council 112, 115, 117, 118, 143, 160, 161, 269; of official Maori committees 13, 16, 28, 45, 51, 54, 70, 112, 115, 117, 119-20, 130, 136, 138, 139-40, 141, 143; in Treaty 228; of tribes 203-4, 211, 214, 238, 242-3, 276-9; of trust boards 47, 49-50. See also devolution; rangatiratanga; self-determination; self-reliance; Tu Tangata
Ball, D G 101
Barclay, Barry 164
Bastion Point 25, 171-2, 176, 222, 263
Bay of Plenty 68
Beaglehole, Ernest 86
Beattie, David 170
Bennett, Frederick (Bishop) 19
Bennett, Manu 37
biculturalism 2, 101, 118, 132, 151, 162, 166, 172, 173, 175, 197, 209, 217, 219, 222, 230, 240, 276, 287, 289; Crown policy of ix, 224-5, 248, 274; Maori policy of 179, 180; term 151. See also interculturalism; monoculturalism; multiculturalism
Biggs, Bruce 98
Bill of Rights 119
Bledisloe, Lord 165
blending (racial/national) 23, 51, 87, 92, 93, 95
Board of Native/Maori Affairs 14, 25, 30, 33, 60, 103, 160. See also Department of Maori Affairs
Booth, John 44, 96-7, 105, 118
Buck, Peter (Te Rangihiroa) 19, 22-3, 168
bureaucratisation (of tribes) 205-6
business (Maori) 183, 204-5, 212, 216, 231
capitalism 102, 104, 150, 202, 207, 208, 215, 216-9, 233, 267-8, 277, 280-82; activist opposition to 153, 176, 177. See also class
CARE. See Citizens Association for Racial Equality
Carroll, James 167
Carroll, Turi 116, 118, 153, 156
Christchurch 39
Citizens' All Black Tour Association 61
Citizens Association for Racial Equality (CARE) 151-2, 178
citizenship 4-6, 7, 127; responsibilities of 17, 29, 94, 121, 190, 199; rights 29, 94, 121, 154, 165, 276
Clark, Helen 284
class: analysis/discourse 44, 96, 151-2, 168, 172, 176, 216-9, 280-82; concern of Labour Party 12, 21, 60; position of Maori 12, 21, 144, 150, 152, 168, 216-9, 280-81; solidarities 177
Closing the Gaps 273
clubs. See cultural clubs; sports clubs; voluntary associations; youth clubs
Coalcorp 227, 253, 263 coercion 6, 9, 20, 53, 83, 123, 125, 131, 157-8, 171-2, 189, 195, 263, 289
collective: Maori ethos 2-3, 42, 66, 95, 133, 137, 139, 143, 156, 182, 193, 195, 206, 208, 216; organisation 39, 156, 208, 211. See also identity; individual; land
colonialism x-xi, 4-5, 95, 149, 170, 188, 209, 215, 217, 268, 276
colonisation xi. 1, 3, 11, 12, 99, 147, 176, 204, 210, 254, 264, 282, 286-7
colour bar 36-7
committees 156, 174; unofficial 19; women's 69-71. For official committees, See Maori committees; tribal committees; welfare committees
communication channels (Crown-Maori) 55-6, 58, 71, 142
communists 96
community: development 191-4, 196, 199, 205-6, 269: empowerment 192, 195, 200, 204-6, 211; term 193
community centres 26, 52, 53, 65, 67
compensation: for historical injustices 47-9, 119, 245, 247, 249, 267; for Treaty breaches 165, 201, 221, 223, 237, 239-40; use of 48-50; as vehicle of assimilation 48. See also fiscal envelope: settlements
Confederation of the Sovereign and Independent United Tribes of Aotearoa 283
confiscation. See land
conflict resolution 211
consciousness raising 151-2, 176, 221-2
Conservation Act 209
consolidation schemes (land) 31-2, 103, 163
constitutional arrangements/reform 183-4, 225, 231, 247, 250, 258, 262-5, 276, 279, 282-84, 286, 292-3. See also Maori parliament
contracting-out. See state services
Controller of Maori Welfare/Social and Economic Advancement 18, 27
page 353conversion (land policy) 32-3, 158, 159, 163
Cooper, Whina 72, 74, 75-7, 167-8
Corbett, Ernest 29, 48, 55-6, 71-7 passim
Couch, Ben 188
Country Women's Institutes 70
Court of Appeal 223-6
courts 105, 131, 183, 195, 212; use of by Maori 260-61. See also Court of Appeal; crime and disorder; justice system; Maori Courts; Maori Land Court
crime and disorder (Maori) 22, 34, 35-6, 37, 63, 124, 127, 130-4, 140, 146, 160, 266, 281
Crown: concept of 4-7; as party to the Treaty of Waitangi x
Crown-Congress Joint Working Party 257
Crown Forestry Rental Trust 227
Crown Forests Assets Act 227
Cullen, Michael 284
cultural clubs 66-7
cultural studies 289
culture (Maori): adaptive and dynamic 1 ff passim, 139; Crown obligations towards 187; incorporation into state practices 211, 264, 265; loss of 3, 40, 93, 99, 102, 137, 168, 265; preservation/survival/promotion of 17, 39, 42, 43-5, 69, 80-81, 84, 87, 94, 115, 118, 137, 143, 145, 163, 168, 177, 181, 182, 191, 211, 283, 292; transformation of 80-82, 115, 120, 139. See also adaptation; identity; Maoridom; Maoritanga; tikanga Maori; tradition
Declaration of Independence 278 decolonisation 24, 106, 225, 264 democracy 104, 109, 114, 120, 239, 272, 281, 289, 293. See also social democracy
Department of Corrections 265
Department of Maori Affairs (DMA) 1, 2, 14-21, 117, 122; assisting adaptation to cities 42; disestablishment of 142, 154, 232, 234, 248; paternalism of 13, 26-7, 87, 88, 142, 154, 163, 190, 231-2; reform of 163-4, 189-90, 193, 210, 234-5; Tu Tangata role 192-2. See also Manatu Maori; Maori Affairs; Maori Welfare Organisation; Te Puni Kokiri; Welfare Division
Department of Native Affairs 1, 13
deregulation 202, 210, 214-5, 229
detribalisation: expectation of 2, 15, 39, 43, 109, 156, 200, 217; policy aim 64, 99, 111-2, 200, 213; as reality 18, 79, 90, 100, 120, 150, 156, 180, 181, 208, 217, 231, 233. See also assimilation; tribes
development (Maori): bottom-up 192, 194, 273; community-based 68, 191-4, 269; economic 49, 202-3; land 11, 30, 50, 102-3, 155-8, 163; post-welfare 251, 252; role of trust boards 49-50; self 210, 249; term 145, 251; tribal 166, 200-201, 203-4, 207, 211, 266. See also socio-econotnic advance
devolution 193, 199, 201, 202-10, 214-20, 226, 229-37, 239, 240, 241-2, 244, 245, 251, 272, 276, 283, 286, 288, 289, 291; to iwi 201, 204, 206-7, 214, 233-7, 241-2, 244, 248, 249, 252, 276
difference: cultural/legal/socio-economic 43-4, 94, 106, 114, 292; toleration of 59, 283
discrimination. See affirmative action; racial discrimination
disorder. See crime and disorder
district councils (Maori) 55-6, 57, 62, 112. See also New Zealand Maori Council; representation
district Maori councils (under NZMC) 112, 114, 116, 118, 126-7, 142, 145
District Maori Councils of Tribal Executives 109
District Maori Land Committees 33, 103
district officers (DMA) 13, 18, 26, 27, 38
divide and rule 15, 215, 241, 256, 268, 280-81
domination. See hegemony; oppression; power
Dominion Council of Tribal Executives 57, 107, 113
Douglas, Roger 207. See also Rogernomics
drinking. See alcohol consumption
economy: dominant political 14, 54, 63, 81, 95, 140, 150, 181, 237, 273; global 218, 280; money 81-2; national 22, 34; pakeha 41, 181; post-war 38, 40, 68, 150, western 63; World War Two 14. See also free-market economics
education 116, 149, 196-7; as activist concern 152-3, 176; importance of 41, 101, 104; and leadership 41, 52, 72-3, 80, 84, 144, 161; Maori educational autonomy 270-71; policies 52-3, 101; tribes and 213; trust boards and 49, 50. See also consciousness raising; schools
equality: as assimilation 44, 105, 127, 248; legal 90, 92, 127, 134, 212, 289; Maori desire for 80-81, 91, 172; of opportunity 61, 92, 94; policy of 12, 15, 17, 18, 21-2, 43-4, 58, 80, 114, 127, 134, 150, 165, 169, 202, 282; socioeconomic 91-3, 94, 105, 114, 282; as Treaty of Waitangi principle 237
elders. See leadership
elections 72, 73; general (1943) 12; (1946) 18; (1949) 2, 22; (1957) 57, 58, 59-60, 62; (1960) 58, 62, 89, 91, 92 107; (1975) 169, 178; (1978)page 354 188; (1981) 180; (1984) 184, 199, 201; (1990) 239, 247-8; (1996) 266; (1999) 273, 287; (2005) 287; and Maori organisations 20, 42, 47, 109, 144; and New Zealand Maori Council system 113-4, 115-6, 118, 120, 138, 140; Northern Maori by-election 113, 180; and welfare committees 121. See also representation
Electoral Act 163
Electoral Amendment Act 163, 177
electoral reform 163, 177, 266
employment (Maori) 11-2, 40, 53, 81-2, 100, 101, 202, 204-6, 281
empowerment x, 33, 145, 192, 195-6, 200, 203-6, 211, 212, 214, 219, 250
ethnocentrism 9, 22, 36, 85, 98, 124, 137, 151, 178, 265, 272, 328. See also racial discritnination
European Economic Community 149 evolutionism 41, 43, 44, 93-4, 103
family (Maori) 34. See also whanau
Fanon, Frantz x
farming/farms 19, 29-33, 49, 89, 103, 156, 246. See also land
Federation of Labour 160
Federation of Maori Authorities 212, 227 Federation of Maori Students 153
Fern and the Tiki 86
Firth, Raymond 44-5
fiscal envelope 261-2, 265, 268, 271
fisheries 187-8, 220, 227-8, 230, 237, 254-5, 261, 269-70
Fisheries Amendment Act 228
Forbes, George 164
foreshore and seabed 282, 284-5, 287
forestry 227
fragmentation of land title. See land
Frame, Alex 237
Fraser, Peter 16, 18, 22, 30, 59, 74, 88
free-market economics 202, 206-9, 214-5, 229, 231, 248, 250, 273
Freire, Paulo x
funding: and autonomy 243-5, 269-71; of Maori Congress 245; of Maori educational institutions 197, 270-71; of Maori/tribal committees 16, 141-2; of Maori Women's Weltare League 76, 77, 78-9; 'negative' welfare 203; of New Zealand Maori Council 116, 141-2, 160, 245, 269; settlement 255; of tribal authorities 237, 243-4; of trust boards 50-51; Tu Tangata 194
gender 69-70, 122, 151. See also women
Gisborne 39
government. See Labour government; National government; welfare state
Graham, Douglas 253-4, 259-60, 262, 266
Gramsci, Antonio 6
grievances 25, 154, 155, 164, 165; historical 59, 60, 213, 221, 224, 239-40, 253-4, 263, 265, 292; timeline for resolution of 273, 287. See also compensation; land; settlements; Waitangi Tribunal
Halt All R.acist Tours (HART) 152, 178
Hanan, J R. 92-3, 95, 98, 108-9, 115, 117-8, 127, 156, 158, 160
hapu: development 166, 204; and devolution 205, 214, 219, 234; and rangatiratanga 7, 277, 290; rights/authority of 201; transformation of 212-3; and Treaty negotiations 201, 255-6, 259, 267
Harawira, Titewhai 168
HART. See Halt All Racist Tours
Hawke, Joe 171
He Taua 176-7
He Tirohanga Rangapau/Partnership Perspectives 233-6, 238
health 73, 101, 115, 121, 198-9, 209-10, 252, 265, 274, 281. See also Women's Health League
hegemony 6, 9, 45, 54, 88, 102, 122, 135, 137, 139, 172, 178, 199, 217, 225-6, 244, 265, 282, 290
Henare, Tau 285
Hercus, Anne 211
hikoi 178, 183, 184, 284, 286. See also activists; protest
historiography x, 4-9, 222, 289-90, 297, 324
Hobson, William 86
Hohepa, Pat 81-2, 99, 161, 164, 179
Holland, Sidney 25
home (Maori concept of) 39
honorary welfare officers. See welfare officers
Hopuhopu 283
Horomia, Parekura 203
hostels 39
housing: and assimilation 83, 87-8, 100-101; group housing for Maori 42; loans 65, 68; Maori Women's Welfare League advocacy for 74, 119; poor quality of Maori 26, 35, 74; state 25, 38-9,page 355 133-4, 136, 250; tribal investment in 49. See also pepper-potting
Hui Taumata/Maori Economic Development Conference 202-4, 208, 214, 218, 237
Hui Whakaoranga 198
Hui Whakatauira 191, 192, 196, 205
Hunn, Jack Kent 58, 90, 111, 153, 232. See also Hunn report
Hunn report 79, 89-100, 102-5, 107, 124, 135, 137, 142-3, 155-6, 157, 189, 200, 235; criticism of 97-9; implementation 95, 97, 102, 105, 127; positive reaction to 97-8; recommendations 92-3, 113, 158, 160; release of 91, 92; terms of reference 90-91
Huntly 263
identity: bicultural 240, 274; collective 26, 40, 120, 143, 182, 259; hybrid 328; individual 21, 29, 40; Maori 23, 39, 40, 69, 78, 79, 80-82, 83, 111-2, 114, 120, 123, 144, 149-51, 155, 163, 168, 169, 177, 181, 200, 206, 212-4, 267, 279, 293; national 240, 274, 293; pakeha 149, 151, 239; politics of 216-9, 281, 289; self-identification 177-8; tribal 23, 39, 40, 81, 83, 111-2, 114, 120, 138, 150, 213, 233, 267, 274, 278-9. See also culture; Maoridom; Maoritanga; tribal identity
Ihimaera. Witi 165
ILO Convention 107 on International Indigenous and Tribal Populations 105-6, 257
ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries 238, 257
incorporations (Maori land) 33, 156
indigenous peoples 280; movements x-xi, 9, 51, 170, 172, 176, 178, 275-6; oppression of 9, 176, 180, 217; rights 105-7, 150, 238, 250, 257, 276, 324
individual versus collective 29, 40, 41, 66, 95, 104, 193, 208, 220, 317
individualism 35, 36, 40, 66, 95, 99, 137, 202, 207, 214
inequality. See socio-economic disparities
integration: contrasted with assimilation 44, 93-4, 98-9; Crown policy of 1, 2, 3, 17, 35, 81, 87-8, 92, 101, 102, 127, 146, 162, 169, 189-90, 203, 213, 232, 257, 275, 283; Hunn report on 93-5; international conventions and 105; Maori support for 44; and Maori Welfare Act 114, 115, 116, 123, 136-7; policy abandoned 166, 178; process of 69, 90. See also assimilation
interculturalism 289
intermarriage ix, 41, 53, 86, 143, 170, 236; as agent of assimilation 2, 23, 40, 45, 86, 94, 283; as threat to racial purity 37
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 106
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 191
International Labour Organisation (ILO) 105-6, 238, 257
investment societies 68
iwi. See tribes
Iwi Transition Agency (ITA) 236-7, 241, 245, 249, 251
Jones, Michael Rotohiko 75
Jones, Pei Te Hurinui 156, 161
justice system 126, 130-5, 195, 291; parallel 212, 236. See also courts; Maori courts
Ka Awatea 249-52
Kaitaia airport 263
kaitiakitanga 156, 182, 189, 274
Kauhoura Block 48
kaumatua. See leadership
kawanatanga xi, 173, 187, 222, 237-8, 290-91
Kingitanga 21, 61, 75, 178, 179, 184, 244, 268
kinship 65, 68, 211; transformed 81-2
Kirikiri, Rauru 234
Kirk, Norman 162, 163, 166, 168
Korean War 40
kotahitanga 13, 57, 61, 112, 178, 180, 193, 244-5, 261, 263, 268, 280, 283-4, 287
kura kaupapa Maori 197, 206, 271
Labour government: first (1935-49) 1, 12, 18, 21-2, 44, 80, 91; second (1957-60) 57-62; third (1972-75) 162-7, 168-9, 179; fourth (1984-90) 184-5, 199, 201-2, 204-10, 217-8, 219, 221, 237, 238, 239, 251, 252, 266, 286; fifth (1999-2008) 239, 273, 282, 284
labour movement 59, 80, 150, 152, 159-60
Labour Party 59-63; Maori policy 59-62, 91, 115, 167, 169, 184, 200, 205-6; Maori support for 57, 62-3, 64, 115, 169, 180, 200, 266; welfare policies 12, 21-2, 23, 80
page 356land: alienation of 56, 153, 154, 155-9, 167-8, 171-2, 182, 258-9, 290; collective ownership 29, 103-4, 156, 158, 258; compensation for loss of 48-50, 119, 245-6, 259, 267; confiscations 33, 119, 245, 258-9; Crown purchase 32-3, 104, 223, 227, 158-9, 227; development 11, 30, 50, 102-3, 155-8, 163; fragmented title/ownership 31-3, 89, 103-5, 155-8, 163; Maori connection to 30, 32, 156, 168, 181-2, 189, 223, 258-9; Maori-owned 11 19, 25, 29-34, 103, 154, 155-8, 163, 258, 260, 267; policy 190; productivity of 30-32, 103, 158; protest over 167-9, 171-2, 263; rights 33, 154, 155; surplus 48; symbol of struggle 182, 183; and Treaty settlements 227, 258-9, 260; vested lands 29-31
Lange, David 207, 235, 239, 272
language. See Maori language
law 6, 291; by-laws 16, 20, 51; legal discrimination 43-4, 106, 157, 158
leadership (Maori) 1, 3, 13, 19, 23, 27, 52-3, 57, 58, 60, 108-9, 121, 167-8, 206, 208, 214; bourgeois 216-9, 267, 281; conflicts 140-41, 256; conservative leaders 64, 108, 118, 142, 144, 154-5, 156, 167-8, 172, 177, 213, 225; criticism of government 141-2, 167-8; and education 41, 52, 72-3, 80, 84, 144, 161, 172; of Maori wardens 20; national 111-2; new (post-war/urban) leaders 19, 23, 41, 52-3, 67, 80-84, 130, 131, 138-9, 140-41, 143-4, 160-61, 172, 190, 200; radical142, 171, 193; rangatira 175-6; new tribal leaders 216-9; traditional tribal leaders/elders/kaumatua 41, 52, 67, 68, 80, 108, 111, 131, 138, 140, 154-5, 160, 168, 171, 172, 176, 190, 211, 283; women 72-3. See also Maori MPs
left-wing attitudes 43-4, 86, 90, 95, 96, 150, 167, 217, 247, 281, 282, 289
Love, Ngatata 203
Love, Ralph 116
Mabo case 257
Mahuta, Robert 143, 166, 183 mainstreaming (of Maori services) 143, 183, 234, 236, 248-53
MANA Enterprise Development Programme 204-5, 244
Mana Motuhake 178-81, 184, 201, 209
Manatu Maori/Ministry of Maori Affairs 236-7, 249, 251
Mangere 167
Manakau Report 187
Manukau Urban Maori Authority 231
Maori: birth rate 11; brown-skinned pakeha 2, 43, 95; communal way of life 34; concept of 'Maori' 6; 'the Maori problem' 35, 91-3; party to the Treaty of Waitangi x, 285; as pre-modern/tribal people 83; special assistance tor 42, 58, 88, 93, 97, 117, 127, 135; and the state ix, 3-4. See also culture; identity; social organisation; tribes
Maori Advisory Council (Labour Party) 59
'Maori Affairs, the' (DMA) 19, 26, 50, 75, 78, 210, 232
Maori Affairs Amendment Act 158-60, 162, 189
Maori Affairs Restructuring Act 236
Maori associations 112. See Maori committees
Maori committees (post 1962) 112, 113-4, 138-45, 155, 156, 174, 176, 192; autonomy of 112, 115, 117, 119-20, 130, 136, 138, 139-40, 143; conflicts on 140-41; as Crown agents 122, 135, 136, 137-8, 140, 147; decline 195; funding 141-2; and Maori wardens 124, 126-30; national conference 141, 189; pakeha involvement in 144; work of 118-22, 140. See also committees; Maori courts; New Zealand Maori Council; tribal committees
Maori Community Development Act 145-6, 147, 199, 268
Maori Congress. See National Maori Congress
Maori councils (1900) 16, 50, 142, 241, 272
Maori Councils Act 16
Maori courts 130-34, 143, 212; criticism of 134-6
Maori Ecumenical Council of Churches 184
Maori Education Commission 270-71
Maori Education Foundation 101
Maori Executive Committees 112, I 13-4. See also Maori committees; New Zealand Maori Council
Maori Fisheries Commission 228, 254
Maori Graduates' Association 137, 153
Maori Health Committee 101
Maori Land Advisory Committees 163
Maori Land Court 30-32, 34, 49, 104, 105, 114, 159, 163, 187, 212, 258
Maori language 212; promotion/protection of 74, 81, 118, 137, 152-3, 163, 174, 196-7, 212; pronunciation 118; in schools 42
Maori Language Act 209
Maori MPs 1, 13, 25, 32, 57-8, 59-62, 108-9, 111, 114, 116, 153, 156, 159-160, 162, 285, 288
page 357Maori Organisation on Human Rights (MOOHR) 152, 165, 174-5
Maori parliament 144, 160, 174, 179, 183, 236, 258, 276, 283-4
Maori Party 284-5, 286, 287-8, 292
Maori People's Liberation Movement of Aotearoa 175
Maori Policy Committee (Labour Party) 59-63; criticism of Labour 61-62
Maori Purposes Act 30-31
Maori Purposes Bill 61
Maori Purposes Fund Board 22
Maori Renaissance ix, 3, 112, 129, 135-6, 145, 149ff, 160, 163, 164, 166, 174, 182, 191, 194, 197, 217-8, 247, 258, 265, 282, 286; term 150-51
Maori Reserved Land Amendment Act 267
Maori schools. See schools
Maori Social and Economic Advancement Act (MSEAA) 1, 3, 12-5, 18, 20, 21, 26, 54, 57, 69, 70, 75, 80, 88-9, 115, 255; overhaul of MSEAA system 111-7
Maori Social and Economic Advancement Act Amendment Act 109, 113
Maori Synod of the Presbyterian Church 98, 102, 156
Maori tribunals. See Maori courts
Maori Trust Boards Act 48, 49, 50
Maori Trustee 29-34 passim, 155
Maori War Effort Organisation (MWEO) 1, 12, 13, 14, 18, 69, 70, 80; as embodiment of rangatiratanga 14
Maori wardens: abolition 128; associations (district and national) of 126, 129, 130; appointment of 20, 129; autonomy of 126-8, 130; community-work role 126, 128-30; as Crown agents 122-3, 129-30; policing role 20-1, 38, 53, 54, 121, 123-6, 128, 129-30, 195; powers of 20, 123, 124, 128, 289; as race-based institution 44, 106, 127, 129; under MSEAA 20-21; under MWA 123-8; voluntary position 20, 121, 123-32
Maori Welfare Act (MWA) 113-5, 116, 117, 119, 120-21, 123, 130, 136, 143, 147, 189-90, 200; amended 124; overhaul 145
Maori welfare committees. See welfare committees
Maori Welfare Organisation (MWO) 13, 15-21, 25-9, 55, 69-72 passim, 75, 77-8; autonomy of 16-7; name 13; overhaul of 111-7. See also Department of Maori Affairs; tribal committees; Welfare Division; welfare officers
Maori Women's Health League. See Women's Health League
Maori Women's Institutes 69
Maori Women's Welfare League (MWWL) 55, 65, 67, 69-80, 119, 135, 142, 153, 167-8, 177, 178, 198; aims 71-2; autonomy of 75-9; constitution 71, 75; as Crown agent 73-4, 75-9, 122; decline of 78; as embodiment of rangatiratanga 69, 75; establishment of 69-72; as female counterpart to tribal committees 74-5; funding 76, 77, 78-9; influence/ effectiveness of 73, 78, 268; members' opposition to league autonomy 76, 78; membership 72, 78, 79; national organisation 73, 77; pakeha involvement in 72, 74; as quasi-voluntary 75-7, 121; relationship with Department of Maori Affairs 74-5; structure 71-2, 77, 78, 112; and Tu Tangata 196; and western accounting procedures 75; work of 73-4, 75, 77, 78, 79
Maoridom 23; concept of 6; as emergent pan-tribal identity 39, 81, 111-2, 113, 120, 182; expected disappearance of 43, 59, 96; preservation of 41-5, 80-81, 94; versus tribalism 15, 81, 111-2, 114. See also culture; identity; Maoritanga
Maoritanga 8, 15, 66, 77, 214, 215, 217; promoting 74, 104; resurgent 112, 193; retaining 43, 67, 78, 79, 84, 96, 137; threats to 21, 84, 95, 102. See also culture; tikanga Maori; tradition
marae: and autonomy 27, 145; urban 40, 65, 67-8, 138, 144, 145
Maramatanga 279
marginalisation (Maori) xi, 12, 29, 86, 91, 118, 172, 179, 199, 240, 270, 290
marriage (Maori) 34. See also intermarriage
Massey, William 25
Matakite o Aotearoa 169
Maungapohatu 172
Meek, Ron 96
Mein Smith, Philippa 295
Members of Parliament. See Maori MPs
migration (of Maori to towns and cities) ix, 2, 3, 11-2, 21, 35, 78, 85, 87, 89, 90, 93, 100, 156. See also urbanisation
Ministerial Advisory Committee on a Maori Perspective 210-11
Ministerial Planning Group 249
Ministry of Maori Development. See Te Puni Kokiri
MMP (mixed member proportional representation) 266, 271, 285, 287
page 358modernisation 17, 34, 93-4, 111, 114, 138, 161, 181, 199, 218. See also equality; progress; socioeconotnic advance; urbanisation
monoculturalism 151, 152, 155, 177, 179, 184, 211
Motunui Outfall Report 187-8
Moutoa Gardens 263
Muldoon, Robert 171, 189, 190, 193
multiculturalism 151, 184, 274, 287, 289, 292
Muriwhenua Fishing Report 228, 230
Nash, Walter 14, 43, 58, 59-61, 62-3, 78, 88, 89-90, 91, 95
National Committee on Maori Education 42
National government: first (1949-57) 2, 23, 25-6, 28-9, 38, 59; second (1960-72) 89, 92, 107-9, 111, 114-5, 117, 145, 158; third (1975-84) 169-70, 171-2, 178, 184, 188, 190; fourth (1990-99) 239, 248-9, 252, 253, 255, 266, 270, 273, 285; fifth (2008-) 284, 288; attitude/policies towards Maori 25-6, 28-9, 38, 89, 114-5, 178; ideology 40, 117, 145
national interest 191, 194, 290; and land 30-31, 103, 157-8, 159, 266
(National) Maori Congress (NMC) 5, 245, 257, 261, 263, 268, 283, 290
national Maori organisation 55-6, 57-8, 107-9, 111, 119, 261, 268-70; Crown opposition to 56, 57-8, 60; Crown support for 55-6, 58, 62, 107-8; women's 70-71. See also Maori Women's Welfare League; New Zealand Maori Council
National Party: Maori support for 23, 108-9, 116, 161, 167
National Urban Maori Authority 270
nationalism 151; Maori 112, 245, 247, 293; racial 66 nation-building 151, 273, 293. See also one people/one nation
Native Affairs 1, 13-4; term 'Native' 15
Native American 261
Native Land Act 29
Native Schools 197. See also schools
negotiations (Crown-Maori): Canadian model for 256; 'direct' 253, 259; of partnership arrangements 282-3, 285, 287, 289; Treaty of Waitangi grievances 229, 248, 253-4, 255-6, 265-8, 275, 285-6
neoliberalism 215-6, 218-9, 230
neotribes. See tribes
New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation 118
New Zealand Day 162
New Zealand First 266, 270, 284
New Zealand Listener. See Listener
New Zealand Maori Council (NZMC) 111-7, 153, 155, 177, 178, 184, 210, 225, 227; as advocate of Maori interests 119; as agent of assimilation/government 116, 118, 135, 142, 147, 269; autonomy of 112, 115, 117, 118, 143, 160, 161, 269; changing role 160-62; concerns 116, 138, 161; funding 116, 141-2, 160, 245; as hybrid of Maori and European 119; and Maori courts 135-6; National Party connections 116, 161, 213; opposition to land alienation 156-61, 162, 168, 169; reform of 268-9, 272; as representative of all Maoridom 111, 115-6, 142, 161, 256, 269; and racial harmony 115; structure 112, 113-4, 115, 116, 120, 121, 126-7, 140, 142, 144, 145; submissions to government 184, 188-90; Treaty focus 116, 119, 161, 164, 209, 224; and Tu Tangata 195; views on devolution 235; views on Maori parliament 235; and wardens 126-9. See also national Maori organisation
New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General 223-6
New Zealand Maori Council of Tribal Executives 109, 111
New Zealand Maori Wardens' Association 126
New Zealand Planning Council 185, 187
New Zealand Police: acting against protesters 171-2, 178; and Maori courts 131; and Maori wardens 20, 123-6, 128, 130; recruitment of Maori 37-8, 125-6
Nga Tamatoa 149-50, 152-3, 154, 167, 168, 174-6
Ngai Tahu 48, 49, 166, 229, 258-60, 261, 262, 267, 276, 278 Ngapuhi 277, 280
Ngata, Apirana 13, 14, 19, 26, 80-81, 144, 153, 168, 181, 192; explanation of Treaty of Waitangi 173-5
Ngati Awa 245-6
Ngati Maniapoto 278
Ngati Te Ata 278-9
Ngati Toa 166
nomenclature. See terminology
Nordmeyer, Arnold 60
occupations (of land) 171-2, 263
page 359Office of Treaty Settlements 229
one people/one nation rhetoric 45, 51, 58, 86, 95, 96, 98, 99, 111, 115, 127, 169, 170-71, 184, 247, 249, 252, 291. See also two peoples
Onehunga 51-2
Opotiki 42
oppression 152, 176-7, 180, 216-8, 245-6, 281
Orakei. See Bastion Point
Orakei Maori Committee Action Group 171
O'Regan, Tipene 150, 166, 269, 276
Pakaitore. See Moutoa Gardens
pakeha: brown-skinned 2, 43, 95; capitalist class 177; identity 149, 151, 239; paternalism 177; solidarity with Maori activists 151-2, 159-60, 171-2, 176, 178; in Maori committees 41, 53-4, 144; in Maori Women's Welfare League 72, 74
pan-tribal consciousness 66, 120, 162
pan-tribal organisation 21, 39-40, 42, 61, 67-8, 69, 84, 101, 108-9, 120, 130, 144, 150, 160, 194, 201, 212, 213-4, 215, 230, 241, 243-5, 279; need for 40, 81, 82, 180-81, 268-70; and rangatiratanga 8, 197, 277; and Treaty claims 254-5. See also Maori Women's Welfare League; New Zealand Maori Council
Paraninihi ki Waitotara 166
partnership: Crown-Maori 77, 101, 132, 165, 179, 198-9, 206, 208-10, 211, 212-3, 215, 217, 222-3, 226, 227, 230, 232-3, 235, 237-40, 242, 243, 244, 247, 251, 252, 257-8, 261, 267, 273, 276, 283, 284-5, 291, 292; illusion of 230; local government-Maori 274, 288; meaning of 166; public-private 251-2; through devolution 229-7, 233-7, 243; as Treaty principle 224-5, 262
paternalism: Department of Maori Affairs 13, 26-7, 87, 88, 142, 154, 163, 190, 231-2; pakeha 177; state 31, 43, 87, 103, 116, 130, 145, 157, 215
'peace and good order' 5, 6, 122, 296
Pearson, Bill 42
Pearson, David 291
pepper-potting 35, 36, 41, 68, 83, 121, 133
Peters, Winston 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 266
Poata, Tom 159-60
Pocock, J G A 285
policing. See coercion; Maori wardens; New Zealand Police
Pomare, Eru 198
population growth (Maori) 11, 21, 63, 85, 93, 298
Post Primary Teachers Association 197
post-colonialism x-xi, 105, 151, 225, 254, 275, 290, 292
power 172, 231, 264, 288; and rangatiratanga 7, 216, 278; sharing 210, 211, 212, 229, 283, 289, 291; state 5-6, 215, 216, 279, 291. See also devolution; empowerment; hegemony; rangatiratanga; sovereignty
Prichard-Waetford report 157-8
principles (Treaty of Waitangi) 164, 165, 188, 209, 222-9, 233, 237-8, 242, 247, 254; main 224; meaning 225, 229; repealing recognition of 247
Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi 237-40, 241, 284
privatisation 207-8, 210, 223, 227-8, 250, 256-7
productivity (land) 30-33
professionalisation 126, 129, 199
progress 17, 45, 48, 51. See also socio-economic advance
protest 118, 147, 167, 172, 180, 263-4; land 155, 159-60, 167-9, 171-2, 177, 263; methods 151, 154-5, 168, 178-9; movements 149-53, 154-5, 174-8; Waitangi Day 154, 162, 172, 176, 178, 263. See also activists; resistance
Puao-Te-Ata-Tu/Day Break 210-12, 215
public good 5, 20, 26, 29, 30, 38, 65, 93, 97, 103, 157, 163, 207, 208, 226, 260, 271' 273, 276, 286, 291
Pukekohe 52
race relations 32, 60, 80, 85-8, 92-3, 98, 121, 135-6, 170, 171, 173, 287; best in world 22, 36, 85, 87, 149; harmonious 86, 87, 91, 93, 115, 222, 273, 292; term 297. See also racial discritnination
Race Relations Commissioner 184
race-based institutions 44, 106, 127, 129, 134-5
racial blending. See blending
racial discrimination 22, 34, 36-8, 43, 82, 85-8, 106, 124, 127, 132; combating 24, 52, 74, 92, 114, 143, 151-2, 154, 160; institutional racism 151, 210, 248. See also stereotypes
radicalism. See activists; protest
rangatiratanga ix, 16, 22; in 1950-60s 3, 82-4, 272; in 1970s 136, 146-7, 149, 199; in 1980s 183, 206, 210-12, 218-9, 226, 231, 235,page 360 236-8, 245, 280; in 1990s 247, 249-50, 253, 260-61, 262-4, 265-6, 280; in 2000s 272-4, 276, 287-8; and class 280-82; constitutional forms 183, 247, 276; Crown-franchised 194, 290; Crown promotion of 209, 237-8, 291; Crown recognition of x, 9, 117, 133, 136, 147, 154, 163, 185, 199, 214, 219, 222, 228, 229, 253, 260-61, 262-3, 265, 267, 272-4, 280, 282, 284, 286, 288, 290-91, 293; illusion of 214-6, 235, 238, 239; and Maori War Effort Organisation 14; n1eaning and interpretation of xi, 6-8, 68, 173-6, 215, 229, 249-50, 261, 276-82, 287-8, 297; 'middle way' 250, 292; negotiating 286-7, 291; and New Zealand Maori Council 111, 117, 213; nonnegotiable 279-80; non-tribal forms 79, 183, 245; not sovereignty 229; and official Maori committees 18, 51, 52, 54, 56, 59, 132, 136, 155; pan-tribal 8, 197, 277; struggle for 9, 84, 146-7, 149, 150-51, 154, 159, 160, 166, 169, 170, 182-3, 213, 219-20, 229, 237, 244, 248, 256, 260-64, 278-9, 285, 287-8, 290, 291; tino rangatiratanga 7, 169, 173, 188, 216, 222, 226, 229, 238, 250, 261, 264, 265, 274-5, 277, 281, 282, 288, 289, 291, 292; in Treaty of Waitangi xi, 29, 60, 188, 275, 278; tribal 228, 255, 269-70, 276-9; and trust boards 49; and urbanisation 18, 22, 24, 68-9, 84, 277; and voluntary associations 68-9; and women 69, 71, 75, 79. See also autonomy; self-determination
Rangi Makawe Rangitaura petition 154
Ranginui Tribal Executive 26
Rata, Matiu 159, 162, 163, 164-7, 168-9, 178-81
Ratana (movement) 14, 21, 57, 59-60, 65, 75, 107, 108, 153, 160, 163, 173, 179, 180, 181, 233, 241, 266, 268, 279, 287
Raukawa Marae 26
Reedy, Tamati 193, 204, 206, 232
Reeves, Paul 209
regional organisation 55-6
relocation 100
renaissance. See Maori Renaissance
reparations. See compensation; Treaty of Waitangi
representation (Maori) 42, 60, 63, 204, 243, 248, 254, 255-6, 269, 272, 288; disputes over 215, 255-6, 261; district and national 21, 55-8, 60, 107-9; equal 153; and Maori Women's Welfare League 71-2, 73, 79; in negotiating with Crown 166, 255-6, 267; and New Zealand Maori Council 111, 113-4, 115-6, 120, 144, 269; and official committees 14, 17-8, 26, 33, 51, 53, 55, 140-41, 144-5; regional versus tribal 180; and trust boards 47. See also elections; Maori MPs; Maori parliament; MMP
resistance 5, 8, 9, 83-4, 102, 139. See also activists; assimilation; protest
Resource Management Act 257, 288
respect for authority 53, 67, 125, 130, 131, 134
Returned Services' Association 71
Richardson, Ruth 252
rights: Bill of 119; of citizenship 29, 94, 121, 154, 165, 276; commercial 227; cultural 128, 175, 286; customary 228, 255, 287; equal 166, 172, 175, 289; human 107, 225; indigenous (in international declarations) 8, 105-7, 150, 191, 238, 250, 257, 276, 278-9; land 33, 154, 155, 169, 173, 175; Maori 84, 136, 150, 152, 154, 176, 178, 182, 228, 235, 250; negotiating 285; ownership/property 173-4, 228; of sovereignty xi, 173-176, 239; Treaty 153, 173-6, 228-9, 230, 231, 249-50, 260, 270; tribal 187-8, 201, 227, 241, 260, 278-9; of urban Maori 255; women's 200. See also Maori Organisation on Human Rights; rangatiratanga; Treaty of Waitangi
right-wing economic agenda 208, 215-6, 219, 221, 224, 230, 235, 250, 266. See also freemarket reforms; privatisation
Ritchie, James 68, 97-8, 112-3
rock'n'roll 67
Rodney, Walter x
Rogernomics 207-9, 216, 230, 231, 233, 235, 251, 266, 273, 281
Rotorua 39, 42, 57, 71, 100, 138, 144
Rawling, Bill 163
Royal Commission on the Courts 134
Royal Commission on Education 96
Royal Commission on Social Policy 230
Royal, Te Rangiataahua (Rangi) 27, 70, 77
Ruatahuna 138
rugby tours (All Blacks-South Africa) 60-61, 86, 152, 153, 171, 180, 188
runanga 180, 182, 213, 219-20, 230, 233, 236, 241-4, 280, 281; abolition of official status 248
Runanga Iwi Bill/Act 241-3, 250; repeal 248, 254, 256, 261, 285
rural-urban drift. See migration; urbanisation
Savage, Michael Joseph 164
schools 39, 65; as agents of assimilation 95, 104, 160; Maori 42, 95-6, 104, 128, 160, 196-7;page 361 and Maori language and culture 42, 96, 196-7
Scott, Dick 29, 96, 150, 165, 314
self-determination 7, 23, 29, 54, 202-4, 218, 232, 249-50, 252, 257, 278-80, 282-3, 288; discourse of 24, 175, 214; government policy for Maori 191, 193-4, 214-5, 242, 290; of indigenous peoples xi, 176, 238, 250, 275, 278-9, 282; and Mana Motuhake 179-81; Maori struggle for 147, 177, 219, 230, 247, 250, 265, 275, 290, 291; and Maori wardens 130; and Maori Women's Welfare League 75, 79; tribal 213
self-government: of committee system 51, 121, 143, 145; tribal 278-9
self-reliance: individual versus collective 193; Maori 16, 22, 34, 83, 117, 145, 147, 178, 180, 191-5, 196-7, 203-4, 214, 236, 251; National Party emphasis on 29, 190, 191, 193, 196, 251
separatism 45, 54, 55, 90, 99, 236, 240, 248, 270, 273; constitutional 229; and Maori courts 134-6; of Maori wardens 126, 127-8
services. See state services
settlements (for historical grievances) 48-9, 59, 119, 248, 293; fiscal cap 261-2; and land 223, 227; relativity clause 262; Treaty 9, 221, 223, 228, 253-6, 258-61, 267, 270, 274, 276, 282, 288. See also compensation; Waitangi Tribunal
settler societies x-xi, 86, 105, 170, 275
Sharpeville massacre 61
Sharples, Pita 288
Social Darwinism 44, 94. See also evolutionism
social democracy 21, 169, 180, 199, 202, 207, 208, 273, 281, 282, 289
social organisation/structure (Maori) 2, 5, 15, 31, 34, 36, 102, 122-3, 131, 139, 182, 204, 205, 211, 213, 217, 219-20, 232, 277, 324. See also hapu; tribes
socio-economic advance/development: government policy 12, 13, 17, 21-2, 58, 60, 90-93, 95, 97-98, 107, 114, 191-4, 209, 266; of Maori in 20th century 23; Maori aim 82, 89, 91, 98, 116, 121, 202-4, 231. See also development; equality; Hunn report; Maori Social and Economic Advancement Act; Maori Welfare Organisation; welfare
socio-economic disparities 91, 93, 210, 214, 247, 249, 250, 252-3, 273, 280-81
solidarity: class 168, 176-7; indigenous 153; Maori 133, 136, 180; Maori-pakeha 151-2, 159-60, 171-2, 176, 178. See also unity
South Africa 36, 60-61, 62, 86, 90, 152, 153, 171
INDEX + 361
sovereignty x, 187; Crown 6, 13, 55, 71, 81, 82, 108, 171, 174-5, 183-4, 188, 194, 215, 222, 226, 227, 228-9, 239, 241, 261, 264, 271-2, 276, 278, 282-3, 286, 289, 290-91; Maori 173-6, 183-4, 215, 216, 222, 233, 264, 272, 275, 276, 278-9; in Treaty of Waitangi xi, 172-6, 222
special measures (to assist Maori). See Maori
state: concept of 4-6. See also welfare state
State Advances Corporation 68
State Authority, Indigenous Autonomy (Richard S Hill) ix, 3, 7, 275, 281
state services: contracting out delivery of 249-53; corporatisation of 207-8; provision of by tribal committees 27-8; provision of by trust boards 49-50. See also devolution
State Services Act 237
State Services Commission 189-90, 191, 192
State-Owned Enterprises 207-8, 209, 223-4, 227; Act 223-4 stereotypes (racial) 37, 52-3, 136. See also racial discrimination
Stirling, Eruera 154-5
struggle. See activists; protest; rangatiratanga; resistance; self-detennination
Taiaroa, Archie 290
Tainui 178, 200, 205, 213, 227, 244, 253, 259
Tainui Awhiro 169
Tainui Maori Trust Board 227, 244, 259
Tainui Report 200
Tairawhiti Council 159
Taitokerau 48
Takahue School 263
Tamaki Girls' College 263
Tamihere, John 252
Taneatua railway station 263
tangata whenua: definition ix, 11
Tapsell, Peter 267
Taranaki District Health Board 274
Tauranga County Council 27
Tauranga Moana Maori Trust Board 119
Tauroa, Hiwi 225
Tawhiao 168
Tawhiwhirangi, Iritana 196
Te Ahi Kaa 276
Te Ao Hou 83-4
page 362Te Heu Heu, Hepi 212, 244, 262, 264
Te Pikinga 279
Te Puni Kokiri 249, 251-2, 262, 263, 264, 268, 273, 290
Te Rangihiroa. See Buck, Peter
Te Rata 168
Te Roopu Ote Matakite 168
Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu Act 259
Te Tira Hou Marae 138
Te Turi Whenua Maori Act 190, 258
Te Umpare Rangapu/Partnership Response 236-7
Te Whakaminenga o Kapiti 257
Te Whanau o Waipareira Trust 40, 230, 279
Te Wherowhero, Potatau 259
Temm, Paul 240
terminology: bicultural 151; community 193; development 145, 251; Maori committees 113; Maori terms in English 175; Marae committees 145; native 15; race relations 297; rangatiratanga 173-6, 180, 297; renaissance 150-51; social and economic advancement 114; tribal 111-2, 215; welfare 114, 145, 193
Thompson, Richard 98
tikanga Maori 136-9; and autonomy 265; incorporating into government policy 211, 264, 265; official acceptance of 136. See also culture; Maoridom; Maoritanga; tradition
Tira Hou Marae 179
Tirikatene, Ernera 59-60, 62, 82, 114, 115-6
Tirikatene-Sullivan, Whetu 173
tohunga 182, 265; Suppresion Act 265
Town and Country Planning Act 65, 162
trade unions 150, 152, 153, 160, 197
tradition (Maori) 3, 31, 35, 36, 43, 66-68, 137-9, 176, 280; adaptation of 81-2, 139, 280; decline of 41; invention of 216-9
Treaty of Waitangi ix-x, xi, 8, 85, 162, 185, 211, 233, 235, 237, 270, 285; Act 164, 165; activist focus on 153-4, 164, 170, 178, 182, 263-4; anti-Treatyism 248, 253, 288-9; Articles xi, 29, 154, 165, 173-4, 187-8, 222, 231, 238, 250, 260, 262-3, 281, 290-91; constitutional status 225; Crown obligations under 187-8, 224-5, 290; different versions (English and Maori) 173-6, 222; education on 221-2; fraud 170, 176, 181; honouring 164, 167, 170, 172, 181, 183, 222, 225, 237, 239, 242; interpretation and meaning of xi, 187, 222-3, 225-6, 228, 230, 231, 238-9, 288; jurisprudence 260-61; and land 104-5; as living document 225, 240, 287, 293; New Zealand Maori Council focus on 116, 119, 161, 164, 209, 224; Ngata's explanation of 173-5; ratification of 153-4; relevance 62; reparations 165, 180, 201, 209, 221, 223, 237, 239-40, 247, 255, 259, 261-2, 267, 286; sesquicentennial commemoration 240, 291; signing 172, 201; spirit of 119, 161, 164, 165, 209; as symbolic xi, 170, 182, 225, 240, 286; 'Treaty fatigue' 273, 286; violations of 162, 165, 170, 175, 201, 209, 221, 228, 241, 254, 259, 262,, 265, 284. See also negotiations; partnership; principles; settlements
Treaty of Waitangi Amendment Act 209
Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission 255
Treaty of Waitangi Policy Unit (TOWPU) 229, 237, 253-4, 259, 262
Treaty of Waitangi (State Enterprise) Act 227
tribal committees 1, 3, 12-21, 25-9, 35, 42, 51-4, 78, 88, 102, 121, 241; ability to pass by-laws 16; autonomy of 13, 16, 28, 45, 51, 54, 70; as Crown functionaries 27-9, 51, 52; and European administrative procedures 13, 19; ignorance of 53; inactive/languishing 51, 53, 57, 107; male domination of 69-70; numbers of 12, 14, 51, 107; pakeha involvement in 41, 53-4; and policing 20; regional level 55-6; replaced by Maori committees 112; role in urban marae 68; urban versus rural 52-3. See also autonomy; committees; Maori committees; Maori Welfare Organisation
tribal executives 1, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17-8, 20, 21, 27, 28, 51, 53, 55-6, 57, 67, 70, 74, 107-8, 112. See also tribal committees
tribal identity: Crown promotion of 204; persistence of in modern world 23, 39, 111-2, 120, 138, 150, 200-201, 278-9; renaissance of 200, 213, 233, 274; transformation of 81-2; tribal past 83, 267. See also detribalisation; identity; pan-tribal consciousness
tribes 2; autonomy of 203-4, 211, 214, 238, 242-4, 276-9; Crown attitude towards 111-2; Crown manipulation of 214-6; devolution to 201, 204, 206-7, 214, 216, 219, 233-7, 241-2, 244, 248, 249, 252; investment in housing 49; iwi status 255, 259, 267; as official partners of Crown 166, 201, 209, 212-3, 214, 218, 233-7, 241-3; loss of official status for tribal authorities 248, 249, 251, 254; neotribes 216-9, 233, 281; and rangatiratanga 228, 255, 269-70, 276-9; reinvention 216-9, 277; relevance/strength of 15, 23, 39, 108, 189, 213, 243, 277; revitalisation of 200-201, 203-4, 206-7, 208, 211, 213, 216, 232; status under the Treaty 166; as threat to state 102. See also development; runanga
trust boards 47-51, 59, 138, 200, 244, 256, 259
trusts (land) 33-4
truth x
Tu Tangata 191-8, 213, 219, 232, 249, 265
Tuhoe Maori Trust Board 48, 144
Tuhoe-Waikaremoana Maori Trust Board 49
turangawaewae 32, 50, 138, 154, 155, 156, 158, 181, 189, 258-9, 290; 'evils of' 156
Turangawaewae Marae 184, 197, 201, 209
'two peoples, one nation' 58-9, 84, 99, 166, 170, 240, 291
unions. See trade unions
United Nations conventions 105-7, 250
United Nations' Draft Declaration of Principles of Indigenous Rights 250
United Nations' Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 257
United Nations Indigenous People's Preparatory Meeting 238
United Nations' Working Group on Indigenous Populations 257, 278
United States 36, 90, 207, 261
unity: class 152; Maori 81, 82, 144, 150, 155, 159, 180-81, 233, 244-5, 261, 268, 287; mulitcultural 184; and New Zealand Maori Council 112, 113, 118, 120, 224. See also kotahitanga; solidarity
urban Maori authorities 166, 230-31, 233, 234, 241, 255, 277, 279
urban marae. See marae
urbanisation (of Maori) ix, 2, 11-2, 21-4, 34-42, 44, 63, 67-9, 80, 81-82, 125, 133, 138-9, 150, 173, 181-2, 200, 234, 277, 281; and assimilation 15, 26, 34, 45, 63, 83, 87-8, 93, 95, 114, 115, 136, 146; and need for united Maori action/identity 81-2, 120, 213; and official committees 18-9, 57, 145, 212; problems of 22, 35-8, 63, 73-4, 85, 87-8, 100, 211; and tribal bonds/customs 120, 138-9, 143, 211, 217, 268. See also adaptation; assimilation; crime and disorder; integration; migration; racial discrimination
Vercoe, Whakahuihui 240
voluntarism 65ff; honorary welfare officers 121-2; kohanga reo 197; Maori wardens 20-21; Maori welfare committees 120-21. See also voluntary associations
voluntary associations 40, 65-9, 80, 166, 174, 192, 194, 304
voting (Maori) 62, 63, 113, 169, 266. See also elections; representation
Waikaremoana 49
Waikato-Maniapoto 48
Waikato-Tainui 112, 213, 253; Treaty settlement 259, 262, 267
Wainuiomata 196
Wairoa 48
Waitangi Action Committee (WAC) 175-8
Waitangi Day 85, 153, 162, 170, 242; protests 154, 162, 172, 176, 178, 263
Waitangi Tribunal 7, 39, 221-3; claims before 221, 223, 227, 228, 230, 237, 254, 256, 258, 267; as conscience of the nation 240; creation of 164-5, 167, 173; Crown agent 226; findings/ recommendations 166-7, 170, 187-8, 209, 212, 222, 226, 238, 282; hearings 253; jurisdiction 165, 184, 201, 209, 221; powers 165, 227, 247, 254, 271; reports 7, 187-8, 200, 221, 223, 226, 228, 229, 230, 240, 254, 258-60, 267, 279; standing 253
Walker, Ranginui 53, 69, 132, 133, 161, 168, 175, 177, 179, 193, 225
Ward, Alan 162
wardens. See Maori wardens
Washday at the Pa 135-6
welfare: policy 16-7, 21-2, 38, 48, 114-5, 191-4, 211; term 114, 145, 193. See also Maori Welfare Organisation; Maori Women's Welfare League; welfare state
welfare committees 120-22. See also Women's Welfare Committees
Welfare Division: name 13; overhaul of 111-7; system 56-8, 78. See also Department of Maori Affairs; Maori committees; Maori Welfare Organisation; tribal committees; welfare officers
welfare officers 67, 74, 117, 120; autonomy of 27; as Crown agents 122; honorary 121-2, 124, 133; hostility towards 27; role of 17-8, 35; women 69-71 passim
welfare state 37, 48, 73, 117, 208; downsizing/reducing dependency on 117, 191, 193-4, 202-4, 207-8, 214, 229, 231, 235, 252, 266
well-being (Maori) 23, 28, 73, 92, 115, 121, 156, 182, 199, 131, 248, 279; as assimilation 115. See also health
Wellington 37, 39, 40, 49, 66, 100, 119, 144, 152, 160, 169, 195, 196, 284, 286
westernisation ix, 2, 38, 54, 75, 101, 104, 115, 122-3, 129, 135, 136, 137, 170, 204, 215, 216, 244, 280, 292; desirability of 41, 43. See also adaptation; assimilation; detribalisation; integration
Westra, Ans 135
whaamere 82
Whakatupuranga Rua Mano 166
whanau: basis for development 192, 205, 214; forms of 65, 81-2, 196, 206; and rangatiratanga 277; strengthening 204, 211
Whanau o Waipareira Report 279
Whanganui 274
whare wananga 270-71
Williams, Raymond 6
Winiata, Maharaia 52, 73, 75, 84
Winiata, Whatarangi 183, 236, 286
Winter, Frank 166
women: activists 79, 152; rights of 200, 316; status of 79-80; 'women's issues' 77. See also gender; Maori Women's Welfare League
Women's Health League (WHL) 19, 69-72 passim, 77
Women's Welfare Committees 70-71
workers' camps 38
working class 96, 150, 152, 168, 177, 216-7, 280-81
World War Two 1, 11-3 passim, 35, 69-70, 169. See also Maori War Effort Organisation
Young Maori Leaders' Conference (1959) 61, 84, 89; (1970) 128, 152
young people 49, 67, 82, 83, 84, 125-6, 130, 131, 134, 146, 149, 152, 198, 205, 210, 266