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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000

Chapter 9

Chapter 9

1. The overarching requirement for the state to apologise for historical injustice as a precondition for settlement was made very clear at the first scoping negotiations between the Crown and Waikato– Tainui in 1989, which the author attended. In an international context, processes of reconciliation and healing would later often be called procedures of ‘transitional justice’. For international historical justice issues, including the concept of apology, see Berg, Manfred and Schaefer, Bernd (eds), Historical Justice in International Perspective: How Societies Are Trying to Right the Wrongs of the Past, Washington, DC, 2009, which includes a New Zealand perspective: Hill, Richard S and Bōnisch-Brednich, Brigitte, ‘Fitting Aotearoa into New Zealand: Politico-Cultural Change in a Modern Bicultural Nation’.
2.Orange, An Illustrated History, p 203; Williams, David V, ‘Submission to the Treaty of Waitangi Commission’, St Mathews-in-the-City, Church of the Diocese of Auckland, 9 Sept 1985, 99-266- 10/1, Folder 4, Treaty of Waitangi, Alexander Turnbull Library (p 2 for ‘principles of partnership’ quote); ‘First New Zealand Conference on Social Work Education’, nd, 99-266-10/1, Folder 4, Treaty of Waitangi, Alexander Turnbull Library; Public Service Association, ‘PSA debates the Treaty’, PSA Journal, 15 Feb 1990–14 May 1990, contained in 95-222-1/12, Papers relating to various activist groups, David Wickham Papers, Alexander Turnbull Library; Veracini, Lorenzo, Negotiating A Bicultural Past: An Historiographical ‘Revolution’ in 1980s Aotearoa/New Zealand, Wellington, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, 2001; Belich, James, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict, Auckland, 1986.
3.Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 282; Oliver, Claims, pp 77–9 (includes quotes).
4. Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 10, p 33; Patete, p 13; Ward, An Unsettled History, pp 34–5; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 162–3; Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 253–4; McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, pp 248–9; Harrison, Graham Latimer, pp 121–2; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 243–4.
5.New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General, [1987] 1 NZLR, 641; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 164–6 (p 165 for ‘akin to a partnership’ quote); McHugh, Paul, ‘Law, History and the Treaty of Waitangi’, pp 50–51; Harrison, Graham Latimer, p 122 (for ‘perhaps as important’); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 263–5; Ritchie, Tribal Development, p 33; McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, p 249; Alves, The Maori and the Crown, pp 62–4; Graham, Douglas, Trick or Treaty? Wellington, 1997, pp 20–21.
6.Orange, An Illustrated History, p 165 (for ‘act towards each other’ quote), p 166 (for ‘new life’ quote); McHugh, ‘Law, History and the Treaty of Waitangi’, p 51; Harrison, Graham Latimer, p 122; King, Nga Iwi, p 98; Graham, Trick or Treaty? p 19; Boast, Richard, ‘Maori Land and the Treaty of Waitangi’, in Boast, Richard, Erueti, Andrew, McPhail, Doug and Smith, Norman, Maori Land Law, Wellington, 1999, pp 272–3, 276–9 (p 278 for ‘it cannot yet be said’ and ‘should not be approached’ quotes); Callaghan, Catherine, ‘“Constitutionalisation” of Treaties by the Courts: The Treaty of Waitangi and the Treaty of Rome Compared’, New Zealand Universities Law Review, June 1999, pp 343–6, 349 (p 344 for ‘living instrument’, ‘account of subsequent developments’ and ‘new and changing circumstances’ quotes); McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, p 249
7. Callahan, ‘Constitutionalisation’, p 346 (for ‘mythologising’, ‘symbol’ and ‘indigenous constitutional identity’ quotes); McHugh, Paul, ‘Constitutional Myths and the Treaty of Waitangi’, New Zealand Law Journal, September 1991, pp 316–7; Tauroa, Hiwi, Healing the Breach: One Maori’s Perspective on the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 1989, pp 58–9; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 265 (for ‘pitched New Zealand’ quote).
8. McHugh, ‘Law, History and the Treaty of Waitangi’, p 49 (for ‘common law time’ quote); Orange, An Illustrated History, p 166 (for ‘accepting that sovereignty’ quote); Kelsey, A Question Of Honour? p 77 (for ‘an agency of the Crown’ quote), p 237 (for ‘the essential legitimacy’ quote), p 266 (for ‘become page 321as much a vehicle’ quote); Kelsey, Rolling Back the State: Privatisation of Power in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Wellington, 1993, p 234; Dawson, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 163–5.
9.McHugh, ‘Law, History and the Treaty of Waitangi’, p 51 (for ‘negotiated co-existence’ quote); Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 166–7, 185–7; McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, p 250; Palmer, Geoffrey, ‘Treaty of Waitangi Issues Demand Clarity, Certainty’, New Zealand Herald, 2 Jan 1990; Callahan, ‘Constitutionalisation’, pp 246–7.
10.Waitangi Tribunal, Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Muriwhenua Fishing Claim, Wai 22, Wellington, 1988; Dawson, The Treaty of Waitangi, pp 125–31, p 132 (for ‘tribal authority’ quote), p 133 (for ‘special privileges’ quote); Renwick, ‘Decolonising’, p 39 (for ‘astonished’ quote); Te Puni Kokiri, Nga Kai o te Moana: Kaupapa Tiakina, Wellington, 1993, pp 22–5; Waitangi Tribunal, The Taranaki Report, section 1.4; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 263; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 169–75 (p 173 for ‘an end to fishing’ quote); Oliver, Claims, p 79 (for ‘qualified a little’ quote), p 80 (for ‘form of legal sovereignty’ quote), p 81 (for ‘the power of Parliament’ quote); Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, pp 67–8.
11.Kelsey, A Question Of Honour? p 77 (for ‘demand for recognition’ and ‘juggernaut’ quotes), p 242; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 17–8 (p 17 for ‘social justice’ and ‘illusion of partnership’ quotes); Turner, Kaye, ‘The April Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy: Treaty Partnership as a Framework for a Politics of Difference?’, in Wilson, Margaret A and Yeatman, Anna (eds), Justice and Identity: Antipodean Practices, Wellington, 1995, p 93; Royal Commission on Social Policy, The April Report, Volume II, Future Directions, Wellington, 1988, pp 65–9; Royal Commission on Social Policy, The April Report, Volume III, Part One, Future Directions, Wellington, 1988, pp 111–127. The author joined TOWPU as its founding historian in May 1989.
12.McCarthy, Claire, ‘New models of sustainability’, New Zealand Education Review, 14 July 2000, p 11; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 289; James, Colin, ‘Why we can’t afford to lose the voice of Tamihere’, New Zealand Herald, 19 Oct 2004.
13.Kelsey, Jane, Reclaiming the Future: New Zealand and the Global Economy, Wellington, 1999, pp 52–3 (p 52 for ‘new configurations’ quote).
14.Prichard and Waetford, Report of the Committee of Inquiry, p 33 (for ‘a long tradition of paternal’ quote), p 34 (for ‘It is probable’ quote); Reedy, ‘Foreword’, p 1 (for ‘wairua, mana’ quote), p 3 (for ‘little recognition’ and other quotes); Hunn, Affairs of State, p 153; Walsh, More and More Maoris, p 36 (for ‘the long-term objective’ quote); Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 12 (for ‘to achieve a true partnership’ quote), pp 119–20; Department of Maori Affairs, ‘Annual Report of the Department of Maori Affairs and the Board of Maori Affairs and the Maori Trust Office’, AJHR, E-13, 1986, pp 3–4; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 284–5; Booth, ‘Maori Devolution’.
15.Rata, ‘Ethnicity, Class’, p 19; Booth, ‘Maori Devolution’, p 71 (for ‘a dangerous version’ quote); Keenan, ‘The Treaty’.
16.Department of Maori Affairs, He Tirohanga Rangapu/Partnership Perspectives, Wellington, 1988; Ritchie, Tribal Development, pp 30–31; Keenan, ‘The Treaty’, pp 214–6 (p 214 for ‘set out the basis’ and ‘watershed’ quotes); Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 20, 22, 73; Jackson, S, ‘Te Karanga o te Iwi: Devolution – The Death of a People’, Metro, January 1988; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 285–6; Orange, An Illustrated History, p 188; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 120; Henare, ‘The Ka Awatea Report’, pp 55–6; Kelsey, A Question Of Honour? pp 248–9 (p 248 for ‘relinquish ultimate control’ quotes); Patete, Devolution, pp 13–5, 34 (p 15 for ‘dishonest, deceitful’ quote); Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga’, pp 186–7.
17.Mulgan, Maori, Pakeha, pp 133–5; Department of Maori Affairs, Te Urupare Rangapu/Partnership Response, Wellington, 1988; Keenan, ‘The Treaty’, pp 216, 220; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 17; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 286–8; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 121 (for ‘develop their own structures’ quote); Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga, pp 176–9, 182 (p 177, citing Manatu Maori mission statement); Patete, Devolution, pp 16–8 (p 17 for ‘reduced to an “autonomy”’ quote); Te TAI, ‘Working in Partnership’, brochure, nd (for ‘operational base’ quote).
18.New Zealand Government, Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi, Wellington, 1989; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 195–6 (p 196 for ‘balance between’ and ‘case by case’ quotes); Patete, Devolution, p 18; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 15–6; Waitangi Tribunal, Muriwhenua Fishing, p 187; McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, pp 50–51 (p 50 for ‘tribal self-management’ and ‘inherentlypage 322 legitimate’ quotes); International Labour Organization, Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, C169, Geneva, 1989 (for ‘over their own institutions’ quote); Tauroa, Healing the Breach, p 122 (for ‘right to self-determination’ quote); Keenan, ‘The Treaty’, p 219; Kelsey, A Question Of Honour? pp 257–61 (p 259 for ‘a deliberate and cynical’ quote); Maaka and Fleras, Politics of Indigeneity, p 141; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, p 69 (for ‘supremacy of the Crown’ quote). The author worked for TOWPU from 1989 to 1998.
19.Mallard, Trevor, ‘We Are All New Zealanders Now’, speech to Stout Research Centre for New Zealand Studies, 28 July 2004, http://www.beehive.govt.nz/node/20451 [accessed June 2008]; Palmer, ‘Treaty of Waitangi Issues’ (for ‘final decisions’ quote); Mikaere, Ani, ‘Are We All New Zealanders Now? A Māori Response to the Pākehā Quest for Indigeneity’, Red & Green, 4, 2004, p 33; Keenan, ‘The Treaty’, pp 219, 221–3; Durie, Whaiora, p 89; Kelsey, Jane, ‘Māori, Te Tiriti, and Globalisation’, p 82; Frame, Alex, ‘A State Servant Looks at the Treaty’, New Zealand Universities Law Review, 14(1), 1990.
20.New Zealand 1990 Commission, The Treaty of Waitangi: The symbol of our life together as a nation, Wellington, 1989 (front cover for ‘symbol of our life’ quote, last page for ‘living document’ and ‘pact of partnership’ quotes); Orange, An Illustrated History, p 199 (for ‘to capture the spirit’ quotes), p 201 (citing Vercoe); King, Nga Iwi, p 99 (for ‘major and irreversible’ quote); Temm, Paul, The Waitangi Tribunal: The Conscience of the Nation, Auckland, 1990, p 127 (for ‘into the forefront’ quote); Jackson, Moana, ‘A Very Quick Guide to the Treaty of Waitangi’, in Anarchist Alliance of Aotearoa, Tino Rangatiratanga: The Treaty Today, Wellington, nd, p 21 (for ‘side by side’ quote).
21.Keenan, ‘The Treaty’, p 217 (for ‘acknowledged the enduring’ quote); Iwi Transition Agency, ‘Report of the Iwi Transition Agency Working Group on the Runanga Iwi Bill, Local Government Amendment (No 8) Bill and the Resource Management Bill (30 January 1990)’, Wellington, 1990; Patete, Devolution, pp 20–22 (p 21 for ‘not perceived’ and ‘impinged on the rights’ quotes); Cox, Kotahitanga, pp 141–2, 169–70; Mulgan, Maori, Pakeha, p 105; McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, pp 50–51, 203.
22.Sorrenson, M P K, ‘Giving Better Effect to the Treaty: Some Thoughts for 1990’, New Zealand Journal of History, 24(2), 1990, p 142; Orange, An Illustrated History, p 200 (for ‘imperfectly observed’ quote); Renwick, William, The Treaty Now, Wellington, 1990, p 142 (for ‘ways that respect’ quote); Pearson, A Dream Deferred, p 241
23.Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga’, p 177; McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, pp 53, 202–3; Patete, Devolution, pp 20, 22–3 Salmond, Jurisprudence, 7th ed, London, 1924, p 84 (for ‘legal fiction’ quote); Frame, Alex, ‘Sir John Salmond 1862–1924’, in O’Sullivan, Vincent (ed), Eminent Victorians: Great Teachers and Scholars from Victoria’s first 100 years, Wellington, 2000; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 289 (for ‘iwi up and down the country’ quote).
24.McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, p 52 (for ‘fixation’ quote); Durie, Edward T, ‘A Peaceful Solution’, in Young, Ramari (ed), Mana Tiriti: The Art of Protest and Partnership, Wellington, 1991, p 69; Orange, An Illustrated History, p 188; Frame, ‘Fictions’; Melbourne, Maori Sovereignty, p 82 (for ‘control themselves’ quote); Patete, Devolution, p 22; Kelsey, A Question Of Honour? p 247 (for ‘a convenient vehicle’ quote).
25.Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga’, p 184 (for ‘real partnership’ quotes), p 186 (for ‘any fundamental change’ quote); Salmond, Jurisprudence, p 84 (for ‘a concession by’ quote); Yensen, Helen, ‘Some afterthoughts’, in Yensen, Helen, Hague, Kevin and McCreanor, Tim, Honouring the Treaty: An Introduction for Pakeha to the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 1989, p 147.
26.‘He Maimai Aroha: Glass Murray’, Mana, issue 28, June–July 1999, p 9 (for ‘argued with trust boards’ and ‘take their money’ quotes); ‘He Maimai Aroha: Erana Prime’, Mana, issue 35, Aug–Sept 2000, p 9; Mahuta, ‘Tainui’, p 28 (for ‘agent [s] of the Crown’ quote); McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, p 202; Sharp, Justice and the Māori, pp 282–3; Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga’, p 189 (for ‘institutional assimilation’ quote).
27.Mead, Sidney Moko, ‘The Significance of Being Ngati Awa’, in Landmarks, Bridges and Visions: Aspects of Maori Culture, Wellington, 1997 (orig paper: 1990), pp 258–9 (p 258 for ‘tikanga Maori’ quote, p 259 for ‘pretty sullen’, ‘shaking off the shackles’ and ‘new mood’ quotes); Cox, Kotahitanga, pp 141–6, 151, 157–8, 161–3, 167, p 183 (for ‘autonomous Māori development’ quote); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonupage 323 Matou, p 287 (for ‘the obvious response’ quote); Orange, An Illustrated History, p 189; Melbourne, Maori Sovereignty, p 31; Durie, Te Mana, p 17; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 21–2.