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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000

Chapter 10

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Chapter 10

Notes – Chapter 10

1. Vasil, Biculturalism, pp 1–2; Tauroa, Healing the Breach, p 102 (for ‘a majority Pakeha’ quote); Orange, An Illustrated History, p 204 (for ‘one nation’ quote), pp 208–9; Henare, ‘The Ka Awatea Report, p 49 (for ‘need and not race’ and ‘participate equally’ quotes); Runanga Iwi Act Repeal Act 1991; Keenan, ‘The Treaty’, p 217; Durie, Te Mana, p 225; Patete, Devolution, pp 24–5.
2.Keenan, ‘The Treaty’, p 217; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 22 (for ‘was designed to steer’ quote); Ministry of Maori Affairs, Ka Awatea: A Report of the Ministerial Planning Group, Wellington, March 1991, p 71 (for ‘right to self development’ and ‘right of’ quotes), p 72 (for ‘significant role’ and ‘retain resources’ quote), p 82 (for ‘that Maori retain and control’); McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, p 53; Patete, Devolution, pp 25–6; Henare, ‘The Ka Awatea Report’, pp 47–59 (pp 49–50 and 57 re ‘middle way’, p 50 for ‘handing over of resources’ quote and citing Ka Awatea ‘that Maori retain’, pp 58–9 for ‘to assist the Maori goal’ quote).
3. Patete, Devolution, pp 25–7; Ministry of Maori Affairs, Ka Awatea, p 88 (for ‘Treaty based policy’ quote); Henare, ‘The Ka Awatea Report’, pp 50, 56–8 (p 50 for ‘not facilitate’ quote, pp 56–7 for ‘best results’ quote); Orange, An Illustrated History, p 208; Durie, Te Mana, p 55.
4. Henare, ‘The Ka Awatea Report’, p 50; Orange, An Illustrated History, p 208; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 23, 64, 73, p 139 (for ‘developing scope’ quote); Barrett, Mark, ‘Maori Health Purchasing – Some Current Issues’, Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 9, Nov 1997, pp 127–8; Espiner, Guyon, ‘Tamihere slams Labour welfare policies’, Sunday Star Times, 23 Feb 2003.
5. Laidlaw, Chris, Rights of Passage, Auckland, 1999, p 137 (for ‘a recognition that Maori’ quote), p 144 (for ‘a measure of Maori’ quote); Smithies, Ten Steps, p 45 (for ‘define and restrict’ quote), p 94 (for ‘the most important thing’ quote); Fleras, ‘Tuku Rangatiratanga’, p 189.
6. Graham, Trick or Treaty?? p 45; Graham, Douglas Sir, ‘The Treaty and Treaty Negotiations’, in Clark, Margaret (ed), The Bolger Years, 1990–1997, Wellington, 2008, p 172 (for ‘be nothing’ quote). The ‘popular’ hostile writing on the Treaty remains unexplored by scholars. For samples, see Mitchell, Robin, The Treaty and the Act: The Treaty of Waitangi, 1840 and the Treaty of Waitangi Act, 1975, Christchurch, 1990; Scott, Stuart C, The Travesty of Waitangi: Towards Anarchy, Dunedin, 1995 and Travesty After Travesty, Christchurch, 1996; Christie, Walter, Treaty Issues, Christchurch, 1997, A Race Apart: Parliament and Race Separatism, the Story, Auckland, 1998 and New Zealand Education and Treatyism, Auckland, 1999; and for more sophisticated anti-Treaty critiques, see Minogue, Kenneth R, Waitangi: Morality and Reality, Wellington, 1998; Round, David, Truth or Treaty? Commonsense Questions about the Treaty of Waitangi, Christchurch, 1998; and Epstein, Richard A, The Treaty of Waitangi: A Plain Meaning Interpretation, Wellington, 1999. For an analysis of the anti-Treaty writers, see Hill, Richard S, Anti-Treatyism and Anti-Scholarship: An Analysis of Anti-Treatyist Writings, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, Wellington, 2002.
7.McCan, David, Whatiwhatihoe: The Waikato Raupatu Claim, Wellington, 2001, p 264 (‘scoping’ negotiations); Graham, ‘The Treaty and Treaty Negotiations’, p 166 (for ‘perilous position’ quote); Mahuta, ‘Tainui’, p 29; McKinnon, Malcolm, Treasury: The New Zealand Treasury, 1840–2000, Auckland, 2003, p 410; Walker, Ranginui J, ‘The Genesis of Direct Negotiation, the Fiscal Envelope, and their Impact on Tribal land Claim Settlements’, He Pukenga Korero, 3(1), 1997, pp 12–5; Office of Treaty Settlements, Crown Proposals for the Settlement of Treaty of Waitangi Claims: Summary, Wellington, nd [1994], pp 15–6; Office of Treaty Settlements, Healing the past, building a future: a guide to Treaty of Waitangi claims and negotiations with the Crown, Wellington, 2002; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 185, 196–8; Price, Richard T, ‘New Zealand’s Interim Treaty Settlements and Arrangements – Building Blocks of Certainty’, Presentation to the Forum on Treaty Negotiation, ‘Speaking Truth to Power’, 3 March 2000 (revised 26 April 2000), British Columbia Treaty Commission and Law Commission of Canada, p 8; Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 177.page 324
8.Price, Richard T, Assessing Modern Treaty Settlements: New Zealand’s 1992 Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement and its Aftermath, Christchurch, 1996, p 46; Te Puni Kokiri, Nga Kai o te Moana, pp 22–25; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 295–6; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 211–6; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, pp 69–72, p 70 (for ‘any fund’ quote).
9. There are many versions of what constitutes the primary level of Maori organisation, and these are often specific to time and place. In the 1980s, the Crown believed it to be the iwi; in the 1990s, many Maori (and some scholars) were asserting it to be the hapu; by the early twenty-first century, there was much discussion about it being the whanau. In 2003, for example, Tariana Turia reported that the James Henare Maori Research Centre at Auckland University had found in a major study that the whanau was ‘the predominant kin group among urban Maori’ (see Turia, Tariana, ‘Strong whanau key to tangata whenua development’, press release, 10 December 2003). For the principal work on these issues from an historical perspective, see Ballara, Iwi.
10.Young, David, Values as Law: The History and Efficacy of the Resource Management Act, Wellington, 2001, pp 28–9; Hayward, Janine, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi, Maori and the Evolving Crown’, Political Science, 49(2), Jan 1998, p 172; Orange, An Illustrated History, p 192; Whitiwhiti Korero, Issue 13, 13 July 2008.
11.International Labour Organization, Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (for ‘developments in the situation’ and ‘new international standards’ quotes); McHugh, The Maori Magna Carta, pp 203–4; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, New Zealand Handbook, pp 120, 122; Minister of Maori Affairs, Discussion Document on The International Labour Organisation Convention No 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries 1989, Wellington, 1999; Pearson, The Politics of Ethnicity, pp 189–90; Magallenes, ‘International Human Rights’, pp 249–50. In 2007, New Zealand was one of a handful of countries to vote against a (watered down) UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, because of its concerns with the national implications of its self-determinationist language: Peace Movement Aotearoa, ‘Support the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples’, statement, 2008. For the interface between ethnicity and nationalism, see the works of Anthony D Smith, eg Myths and Memories of the Nation, Oxford, 1999.
12.Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, ‘History’, http://www.anglican.org.nz/history.htm [accessed July 2008]; Diamond, Paul, ‘Whatarangi Winiata’, in Diamond, Paul (ed), A Fire in Your Belly: Māori Leaders Speak, Wellington, 2003, p 61; Winiata, Whatarangi, interviewed by Paul Diamond, ‘Nga Manu Taiko’, National Radio, 2 March 2003; Joint Methodist Presbyterian Public Questions Committee, Tino Rangatiratanga; Winiata, ‘Reducing’; Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993/Maori Land Act 1993, section 2(2) (for ‘retention’ quote); Gilling, Bryan, ‘The Maori Land Court in New Zealand: An Historical Overview’, Canadian Journal of Native Studies, XIII (1), 1993, p 26; Harris, ‘Maori Land Title’, p 152; Durie, Te Mana, pp 136–8; Harvey, ‘Judge’s Corner: The Duties of Trustees’, p 3.
13. Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 210–211, 227, 221–3; Alves, The Maori and the Crown, pp 123–131 (p 129 for ‘as land was taken’ quote); Graham, Trick or Treaty?? pp 71–8; Mahuta, ‘Tainui’, pp 30–31; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 304–5; Frame, Alex, ‘Compensating for Raupatu: The Situation in the late 1980s’, paper presented at ‘Coming to Terms? Raupatu/Confiscation and New Zealand History’ conference, Victoria University of Wellington, 27–8 June 2008; Ngai Tahu, ‘Economic Security’, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (website), http://www.ngaitahu.iwi.nz/About%20Ngai%20Tahu/The%20Settlement/The%20Crowns%20Settlement%20Offer/Economic%20Security [accessed June 2008]; Dodd, Materoa, ‘Nation Building and Māori Development: The Importance of Governance’, paper for ‘Contesting Development: Pathways to Better Practice’, 3rd Biennial conference of the Aotearoa New Zealand International Development Studies Network, Palmerston North, 5–7 December 2002, available online: http://www.devnet.org.nz/conf2002/papers/Dodd_Materoa.pdf [accessed June 2008], p 5; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, pp 73–4.
14. O’Regan, Ko Tahu, p 153 (for ‘recognition’, ‘accountable’ and ‘give us back’ quotes); O’Regan, Hana, ‘Legal identity of Ngāi Tahu Whānui: Ko te Ture Hou o Ngāi Tahu Whānui’, Te Karaka: The Ngāi Tahu Magazine, 1996; Te Runanga O Ngai Tahu Act 1996; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 223–6; Graham, Trick or Treaty?? pp 79–86; Alves, The Maori and the Crown, pp 133–40; Dodd, Nation Building, p 5 (for ‘enterprise culture’ quote); McLean, Robyn, ‘Ngai Tahu shares its treasures’, Dominion Post, 14 July 2006 (for ‘[b]ecause of the claim settlement’ quote).page 325
15.Sullivan, Ann, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi and Social Well-being: Justice, Representation, and Participation’, in Belgrave, Michael, Kawharu, Merata and Williams, David (eds), Waitangi Revisited: Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 2005, pp 132–3; Ladley, ‘The Treaty’, pp 21–3 (re limited autonomy); McHugh, Paul, ‘Aboriginal Identity and Relations in North America and Australasia’, in Coates, Ken S and McHugh, P G, Living Relationships, Kōkiri Ngatāhi: The Treaty of Waitangi in the New Millennium, Wellington, 1998, pp 137–43; Office of Treaty Settlements, Crown Proposals, pp 13–4.
16. Orange, An Illustrated History, p 216; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, pp 110–11, 113–23; McHugh, ‘Aboriginal Identity’, pp 171–5; Durie, Te Mana, pp 228–31, 236–8.
17.>Walker, ‘The Genesis’, pp 14–5; McKinnon, Treasury, pp 410–11 (p 411 for ‘breach of tino rangatiratanga’ and ‘public relations disaster’ quotes); Joint Methodist Presbyterian Public Questions Committee, Politics Not Justice: The Government’s Treaty Settlements Policy, Wellington, 1999, pp 2–7 (p 6 for ‘united in opposition’ quote); Office of Treaty Settlements, Crown Proposals, pp 24–7; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 217–9 (p 217 for ‘consistent and fair’ quote), pp 220, 222, 226, 229–32; Graham, Trick or Treaty?? pp 58–60, 64–6; Durie, Mason, ‘Tino Rangatiratanga’, in Belgrave, Michael, Kawharu, Merata and Williams, David (eds), Waitangi Revisited: Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 2005, pp 4–9 (p 7 for’ commonalities’ and p 8 for ‘own resources’ quotes); Harris, Hīkoi, pp 134–6 (p 136 for ‘layering of grievance’ quote); Roberts, John, Alternative Vision, He Moemoea Ano: From Fiscal Envelope to Constitutional Change: The Significance of the Hirangi Hui, Wellington, Joint Methodist Presbyterian Public Questions Committee, 1996, pp 3–5, 6–7 (for ‘looking at all the issues’ quote); Durie, Te Mana, pp 230–31; Walker, ‘The Treaty of Waitangi’, p 71.
18.Joint Methodist Presbyterian Public Questions Committee, Politics Not Justice, p 6; Roberts, Alternative Vision, pp 9–23, 28–30 (p 9 for ‘sovereignty of Parliament’ and ‘no political will’ quotes, p 10 for ‘ways’ quote, p 12 for ‘cannot negotiate the division’ quote, p 17 for ‘expos [ure of] the effects’ quote, p 23 for ‘establishment of protocols’ quote); Durie, Te Mana, p 235; Gardiner, Wira, Return to Sender: What Really Happened at the Fiscal Envelope Hui, Auckland, 1996, pp 230–31 (p 231 for ‘were listened to politely’ quote); Melbourne, Maori Sovereignty, p 31 (for ‘sooner or later’ quote).
19. Durie, Whaiora, pp 6, 59–61; Nath, Geetha, ‘Healing skills not forgotten for Maori’, Daily News, 15 May 2003 (for ‘very important’ quote); ‘Department plans tohunga role in prisons’, Dominion, 2 Oct 1998 (for ‘working with tribes’ quote); Parker, ‘The Substance That Remains’, pp 186–7.
20. Belgrave, Michael, Kawharu, Merata and Williams, David, ‘Introduction’, in Belgrave, Michael, Kawharu, Merata and Williams, David (eds), Waitangi Revisited: Perspectives on the Treaty of Waitangi, Auckland, 2005, p xx; Graham, Trick or Treaty?? p 58 (for ‘out of grievance mode’ quote); Kay, Martin, ‘Ratana’s balancing act’, Dominion Post, 24 Jan 2005; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 233–5.
21. Durie, Te Mana, pp 56–7, 79; Orange, An Illustrated History, pp 216, 268; Minogue, Waitangi, p 51 (for ‘tragic mistake’ quote); Levine and Henare, ‘Mana Maori’, p 193 (for ‘tribal fundamentalism’ quote); Rata, ‘An Overview’, p 4 (for ‘structures for’ and ‘comprador bourgeoisie’ quotes); Rata, ‘Global Capitalism’; Poata-Smith, ‘The Changing Contours’, pp 182–3 (p 182 for ‘Maori social and political relationships’ quote); Maaka and Fleras, The Politics of Indigeneity, p 288.
22.Te Puni Kokiri, Discussion Paper, p 4 (for ‘adequately meet’, ‘provide structures’ and ‘basis of Maori’ quotes), p 5 (for ‘Maori voice’ quote), p 15 (for ‘most consistent theme’ quote), p 16 (for ‘structure has not functioned’ quote), p 23 (for ‘better able to meet’ quote), p 25 (for ‘accountable directly’ quote), p 27 (for ‘subservient to the parent’, ‘standing’ and ‘monitor the relationship’ quotes), pp 28–31; Williams, The Too-Hard Basket, p 59; Dawson, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 143 (for ‘tyranny of the majority’ quote); O’Regan, Tipene, ‘Readying the Canoe on the Beach’, in Ihimaera, Witi (ed), Vision Aotearoa: Kaupapa New Zealand, Wellington, 1994, p 47 (for ‘pan-Maori trumpets’ quote); Perrott, Alan, ‘City- dwelling Maori get their own voice’, New Zealand Herald, 6 May 2003.
23.McCarthy, ‘He Hinaki’, pp 86–7, p 92 (for ‘underlying agenda’ quote), pp 92–3 (for ‘agents of the Crown’ quote), p 93 (for ‘relative autonomy’ and ‘the eels within’ quote); New Zealand First and the New Zealand National Party, ‘The Coalition Agreement. Policy Area: Education’, 10 Dec 1996, http://executive.govt.nz/96-99/coalition/educ.htm [accessed June 2008] (for ‘to monitor progress’ quote); Maori Education Commission, Report Four: To the Minister of Māori Affairs, Wellington, 1999, p 14 (for ‘more Māori control’, ‘the time for’ and ‘local autonomy’ quotes), p 17 (for ‘image that the Ministry’ quote); Rivers, Janet, ‘Autonomy will make kura a viable option’, New Zealand Education Review, 18 June 1999.page 326
24.Graham, ‘The Treaty and Treaty Negotiations’, in Clark, Margaret (ed), The Bolger Years, 1990-1997, p 166; Lange, David, ‘Bruce Jesson Memorial Lecture: Inaugural Lecture’, Maidment Theatre, Auckland, Nov 2000, available online: http://www.brucejesson.com/JessonLecture_2000.pdf [accessed June 2008], p 9 (for ‘a democratic form of government’ and ‘the exercise of degrees’ quotes); Durie, Edward T, ‘Maori autonomy: preventing power games’, Stimulus, 6(2), May 1998, p 41 (for ‘determine their own policy’ quote); Quirke, Michelle, ‘Maori varsity to flout the rules’, Evening Post, 23 Dec 2002.
25.Te Puni Kokiri, Kōkiri Paetae, issue 29, Sept 2000, p 1 (for ‘boosting the ability’ and ‘become the managers’ quotes, italics removed); Te Puni Kokiri, Te Puni Kokiri’s role in Capacity Building, pamphlet, Wellington, nd (for ‘charged with building’ and ‘bottom-up’ quotes); Te Puni Kokiri, ‘Capacity Building’ (website) http://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/Capacity_Building/index.htm [accessed November 2000] (for ‘building blocks’ quote); Orange, An Illustrated History, p 246 (for ‘special treatment’ quote); Maaka and Fleras, The Politics of Indigeneity, p 135ff.
26.Young, David, Woven by Water: Histories from the Whanganui River, Wellington, 1998, p 261 (for ‘custodial’ quote), p 264 (for ‘exercise tino rangatiratanga’ quote); Humphreys, Lyn, ‘Board signs up to Maori health plan’, Daily News, 20 Sept 2002 (for ‘support tino rangatiratanga’ and ‘Maori capacity’ quotes).

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