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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000

Chapter 1

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Chapter 1

Notes – Chapter 1

1.McCreary, J R, ‘Population Growth and Urbanisation’, in Schwimmer, Erik (ed), The Maori People in the Nineteen-Sixties: A Symposium, Auckland, 1968, pp 194–201; Wood, F L W, This New Zealand, Hamilton, 1946, p 165; Reed, A H, The Four Corners of New Zealand, Wellington and Auckland, 1954, p 47 (for ‘watching’ quote); Butterworth, G V, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988: Towards a Tribal Perspective’, report for Department of Maori Affairs, Wellington, 1988, ch 9, pp 6–7; King, Michael, Maori: A Photographic and Social History, Auckland, 1983, pp 195–6; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 197–8; Ausubel, David P, Maori Youth: A Psychoethnological Study of Cultural Deprivation, New York, 1961, p 173; Walsh, More and More Maoris, p 12; Poulsen, M F and Johnston, R J, ‘Patterns of Maoripage 298 Migration’, in Johnston, R J (ed), Urbanisation in New Zealand: Geographical Essays, Wellington, 1973, pp 150–51; Sutch, W B, The Maori Contribution: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Wellington, 1964, pp 26–8; Walker, Ranginui J, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, in Rice, Geoffrey W (ed), The Oxford History of New Zealand, Auckland, 1992 (2nd ed), pp 500–501; Pool, Ian, Te Iwi Maori: A New Zealand Population Past, Present and Projected, Auckland, 1991, p 133 (for ‘rate of urbanisation’ quote); Pool, Ian, Dharmalingam, Arunachalam and Sceats, Janet, The New Zealand Family from 1840: A Demographic History, Auckland, 2007, pp 203–5; Gilling, Bryan, ‘Most Barren and Unprofitable Land’: The Effectiveness of Twentieth-Century Schemes to Make Maori Land Usable and Profitable, Wellington, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, 2008. Maori population statistics can only be approximate, for various reasons, and those in this book are generally based on official figures; see Statistics New Zealand, ‘Demographic Trends 2007’, table 1.02, http://www.stats.govt.nz/tables/historical-population.htm
2.New Zealand Labour Party, ‘Take No Risks – Vote Labour’, Wellington 1943, p 15 (for ‘future security’ quote); Love, R Ngatata, ‘Policies of Frustration: The Growth of Maori Politics: The Ratana/Labour Era’, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1977, pp 389–97 (p 390 for ‘self administration and discipline’ quote); Orange, Claudia, ‘The Price of Citizenship? The Maori War Effort’, in Crawford, John (ed), Kia Kaha: New Zealand in the Second World War, Melbourne, 2000 (2002 ed), p 246; Lange, Maori Well-Being, pp 11–14; Orange, Claudia J, ‘An Exercise in Maori Autonomy: The Rise and Demise of the Maori War Effort Organisation’, New Zealand Journal of History, 21(1), April 1987; Hazlehurst, Kayleen M, ‘Maori Self-Government 1945-1981: The New Zealand Maori Council and its Antecedents’, British Review of New Zealand Studies, no 1, July 1988, p 74 (for ‘follow European administration’ quote); Corbett, Ernest, ‘Foreword by the Minister of Maori Affairs’, in Department of Maori Affairs, ‘Annual Report of the Board of Maori Affairs and of the Under-Secretary’, AJHR, G-9, 1952, p 1; Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 63-6; Butterworth, G V, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 8, pp 75-6, ch 9, p 2; Butterworth, G V and Young, H R, Maori Affairs/Nga Take Maori, Wellington, 1990, p 92; Walsh, More and More, p 38; Orange, Claudia J, ‘A Kind of Equality: Labour and the Maori People, 1935-1949’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1977, pp 184-5; Orange, Claudia J, ‘Fraser and the Maori’, in Clark, Margaret (ed), Peter Fraser: Master Politician, Palmerston North, 1998, p 100; Walker, Ranginui J, He Tipua: The Life and Times of Sir Āpirana Ngata, Auckland, 2001, p 372 (for ‘not for you’ quote).
3. Metge, Joan, The Maoris of New Zealand: Rautahi (rev ed), London, 1976, pp 207–10; Orange, ‘A Kind of Equality’, pp 154–6, 220–22; Harris, Aroha, ‘Maori and “the Maori Affairs”’, in Dalley, Bronwyn and Tennant, Margaret (eds), Past Judgement: Social Policy in New Zealand History, Dunedin, 2004, p 205 (for ‘located in’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, Wellington, 1949, p 39 (for ‘tribal executives’ quote); Ormsby, M J, ‘Maori Tikanga and Criminal Justice’, report for the Ministry of Justice, Wellington, nd, p 14 (for ‘to take an interest’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, ‘Annual Report of the Board of Maori Affairs and of the Under-Secretary’, AJHR, G-9, 1950, p 10 (re numbers of tribal committees); Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, p 67 (for ‘departmental goal’ quote).
4. Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 58 (for ‘powers comparable’ quote), p 89; Hill, State Authority, pp 50–64 (p 50 for ‘designed to draw their energies’ quote; p 62 for ‘meaningful rangatiratanga’ quote); Lange, Maori Well-Being, pp 8, 10, 19.
5. Minister of Maori Affairs to the Under-Secretary, 21 Sept 1948, MA, W2490, Box 56, Part 2, 35/1, General Policy and Admin – MSEA Act 1945, 1947–50 (for ‘autonomous’ and ‘independent’ quotes); Lange, Maori Well-Being, p 20; Orange, ‘Price of Citizenship’, p 246; Harris, ‘Maori and “the Maori Affairs”’, p 192; Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1949, p 42 (for ‘preservation’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, Wellington, 3rd ed, 1964, ‘Welfare’ section (for ‘own culture’ and ‘history of other races’ quotes).
6. Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, p 71 (for ‘committees were charged’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1949, p 38 (for ‘full integration’ quote), p 40 (for ‘friend, counsellor and guide’ quote), p 43 (for ‘most important’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Welfare’ section (including ‘assist the Maori’ quote); Labrum, Bronwyn, ‘“Bringing families up to scratch”: The Distinctive Workings of Maori State Welfare, 1944–1970’, New Zealand Journal of History, 36(1), October 2002, p 165 (re ‘race up-lift’); Labrum, Bronwyn, ‘Developing “The Essentials of Good Citizenship and Responsibilities” in Maori Women: Family Life, Social Change, and the page 299 State in New Zealand, 1944–70’, Journal of Family History, 29(4), October 2004, p 447 (for ‘grappled with’ quote).
7. Lange, Maori Well-Being, pp 14, 20 (for ‘think out proposals’ quote); Love, ‘Policies of Frustration’, p 401 (for ‘only a shell’ quote); Orange, ‘A Kind of Equality’, p 192 (for ‘nullify the purpose’ quote); Orange, ‘Exercise in Maori Autonomy’, p 169 (for ‘merely another branch’ quote).
8. Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, p 72 (for informant quote: ‘everybody went to the Maori Affairs’), p 76 (for ‘obedient servants of the state’ quote); Harris, ‘Maori and “the Maori Affairs”’, pp 192–7; Gilling, ‘Most Barren and Unprofitable Land’; Metge, Joan, personal communication, 27 Nov 2006.
9. Fleras, Augie, ‘A Descriptive Analysis of Maori Wardens in the Historical and Contemporary Context of New Zealand Society’, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1980, pp 115, 119; Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1949, p 39; Butterworth, Graham and Susan, Policing and the Tangata Whenua, 1935–85, Wellington, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, 2008, pp 12–4; Department of Maori Affairs, Dispatch to all District Officers, all District-Welfare Officers and all Welfare Officers, 29 May 1952, AAMK, 869, Box 1050a, 35/1, General Policy and Admin – MSEA 1945, 1951–5 (for ‘stamp out’ quote); Corbett, E B, Memorandum for Hon W H Fortune, Minister in Charge of Police, 18 May 1954, MA, W2490, Box 81, Part 2, 36/4, Wardens, Policy and Appointments, 1954–7 (for ‘eyes and ears’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Welfare’ section; Hutt, Marten, Te Iwi Maori me te Inu Waipiro: He Tuhituhinga Hitori/Maori and Alcohol: A History, Wellington, 1999, pp 72–6; Fleras, Augie, ‘Maori Wardens and the Control of Liquor Among the Maori of New Zealand’, Journal of the Polynesian Society, 90(4), 198; Butterworth, Graham, ‘Men of Authority’: The New Zealand Maori Council and the Struggle for Rangatiratanga in the 1960s–1970s, Wellington, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, 2007, p 18; Lange, Maori Well-Being, pp 38–9, 46.
10. Nightingale, Richard Beresford, ‘Maori at Work: the Shaping of a Maori Workforce within the New Zealand State 1935–1975’, PhD thesis, Massey University, 2007, p 34 (for ‘practical measures’ quote); Ausubel, Maori Youth, pp 110–12; Poulsen and Johnston, ‘Patterns of Maori Migration’, p 150; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs p 95; Sissons, Jeff, ‘The post-assimilationist thought of Sir Apirana Ngata: towards a genealogy of New Zealand biculturalism’, New Zealand Journal of History, 34(1), 2000, p 59.
11. Fraser, Peter, ‘Foreword by the Minister of Maori Affairs’, in Department of Maori Affairs, ‘Annual Report of the Board of Maori Affairs and of the Under-Secretary’, AJHR, G-9, 1949, p 2 (for ‘great importance’ and ‘independent, self-reliant’ quote); King, Michael, The Penguin History of New Zealand, Auckland, 2003, pp 420–2; Ausubel, Maori Youth, pp 114–5; Buck, Peter, The Coming of the Maori, Wellington, 1949, p 525 (for ‘as British as anything’ quote).
12. Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 93; Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 8, p 70; Pearson, David, A Dream Deferred: The Origins of Ethnic Conflict in New Zealand, Wellington, 1990, p 193; King, Michael, ‘Between Two Worlds’, in Oliver, W H and Williams, B S (eds), The Oxford History of New Zealand, Wellington, 1981, pp 299–300; Ausubel, Maori Youth, pp 110–18.

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