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Maori and the State: Crown-Māori relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950-2000

Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

Notes – Chapter 2

1. King, Michael, Te Puea: A Biography, Auckland, 1977, p 268 (for ‘No Prime Minister’ quote); Kawharu, I Hugh, ‘Urban Immigrants and Tangata Whenua’, in Schwimmer, Erik (ed) The Maori People in the Nineteen-Sixties: A Symposium, Auckland, 1968, p 176; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 215–7; Winiata, Maharaia, The Changing Role of the Leader in Maori Society: A Study in Social Change and Race Relations, Auckland, 1967, p 144.
2. Winiata, The Changing Role, p 131 (for ‘recognized members’ quote), p 132; Notes supplied by Eric Ramsden for Major Rangi Royal from a direct statement dictated by Sir Apirana Ngata, Otaki, 17 March 1950, MA, W2490, Box 57, Part 1, 35/1/3, MSEA Act 1945 subsidies, policies, 1947–50 (for ‘complicated organisation’ quote); Notes from discussion at Raukawa marae, 17 March 1950, AAMK, 869, Box 1051a, 35/1/1, Maori Welfare Legislation, 1956–62 (for ‘doubtful’ and ‘deliberate obstruction’ quotes); Notes of representations made to Minister of Maori Affairs at Raukawa Marae, page 300Otaki on Saturday 18 March 1950 by Sir Apirana Ngata on behalf of the assembled tribes, MA, W2490, Box 56, Part 2, 35/1, General Policy and Admin – MSEA Act 1945, 1947–50 (for ‘let Maori people’ and ‘the only place’ quotes); Hill, Richard S, ‘“Social Revolution on a Small Scale”: Official Maori Committees of the 1950s’, Paper Presented to the New Zealand Historical Association Conference, 24–27 Nov 2005, http://www.victoria.ac.nz/stout-centre/research-units/towru/MaoriCommitteesJan06.pdf, p 5 (for ‘emphatic’ quote); Lange, Maori Well-Being, pp 33–7, 45.
3. Department of Maori Affairs, ‘Annual Report’, 1950, p 10 (for ‘more advanced Executives’ quote); Jamison, Tom and Te Ahukaramu Charles Royal, ‘Royal, Te Rangiataahua Kiniwe 1896–1965’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 22 June 2007, http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/ (for ‘reduced to a figurehead’ quote); Gardiner, Wira, Te Mura o te Ahi: The Story of the Maori Battalion, Auckland, 1992, pp 181–3 (for ‘hostility manifested’, ‘strangle the autonomy’, ‘the end’ and ‘present set-up’ quotes); Awatere, Arapeta, Awatere: A Soldier’s Story (edited by Hinemoa Ruataupare Awatere), Wellington, 2003, pp 7, 185, 214, 220.
4.Winiata, The Changing Role, p 131 (for ‘Tauranga County Council’ quote); Harris, ‘Maori and “the Maori Affairs”’, p 103 (for ‘tempered with resistance’ quote), pp 197–9, 202 (for ‘difficult to assign labels’ quote); Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, p 83; Lange, Maori Well-Being.
5.McLeay, Elizabeth, ‘Representation and the Maori: Institutional Persistence and Shifting Justifications’, paper presented at Annual Conference, Australasian and Political Studies Association, 2–4 October 2002; Corbett, Ernest, ‘Foreword by the Minister of Maori Affairs’, in Department of Maori Affairs, ‘Annual Report of the Board of Maori Affairs and of the Under-Secretary’, AJHR, G-9, 1950, p 2 (for ‘to accept the responsibility’ quote); Scott, Dick, The Parihaka Story, Auckland, 1954; Scott, Dick, A Radical Writer’s Life, Auckland, 2004, p 204 (for ‘combing through the book’ quote); Hazlehurst, ‘Maori Self-Government’, p 74; Metge, Joan, A New Maori Migration: Rural and Urban Relations in Northern New Zealand, London and Melbourne, 1964, pp 87–8.
6. Hill, State Authority, ch 3; Butterworth, G V and Butterworth S M, The Maori Trustee, Wellington, nd; Gilling, ‘Most Barren and Unprofitable Land’; Loveridge, Donald M, Maori Land Councils and Maori Land Boards: A Historical Overview, 1900 to 1952, Wellington, Waitangi Tribunal Rangahaua Whanui Series, 1996, ch 14; Fraser, Peter, ‘Foreword’ (for ‘full utilization’ quote); Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 2, 96; Harris, Aroha, ‘Maori Land Title Improvement Since 1945: Communal Ownership and Economic Use’, New Zealand Journal of History, 31(1), 1997, p 133 (for ‘into the mainstream’ quote); Prichard, Ivor and Waetford, Hemi, Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Laws Affecting Maori Land and Powers of the Maori Land Court, Wellington, 1965, p 107.
7. Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Land Titles’ section (for ‘an important part’ and ‘retain the bulk’ quotes); Gilling, ‘Most Barren and Unprofitable Land’, pp 43–4, 56–8 (re reluctance to hand back land); Harris, ‘Maori Land Title Improvement’, p 138 (for ‘chaotic’ quote); Prichard and Waetford, Report of the Committee of Inquiry, pp 21–2; Parker, Wiremu, ‘The Substance that Remains’, in Wards, Ian (ed), Thirteen Facets: Essays to Celebrate the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth the Second 1952–1977, Wellington, 1978, pp 176ff
8. Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 242 (for ‘disregarded traditional’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Land Titles’ section (for ‘discussed the question’, ‘a satisfactory arrangement’ and ‘encouraging successors to agree’ quotes); Prichard and Waetford, Report of the Committee of Inquiry, p 79; Harris, ‘Maori Land Title Improvement, p 139 (for ‘economic farms’ quote); Schwimmer, Erik, ‘The Aspirations of the Contemporary Maori’, in Schwimmer, Erik (ed), The Maori People in the Nineteen-Sixties: A Symposium, Auckland, 1968, pp 22–5; Boast, Richard, ‘The Evolution of Maori Land Law 1962–1993’, in Boast, Richard, Erueti, Andrew, McPhail, Doug and Smith, Norman, Maori Land Law, Wellington, 1999, pp 97–8; Boast, Richard, ‘Maori Land and Other Statutes’, in Boast, Erueti, McPhail and Smith, Maori Land Law, Wellington, 1999, p 256.
9. Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 9, p 4 (for ‘a horrifying breach’ quote); Harris, ‘Maori Land Title Improvement’, p 141.
10. Department of Maori Affairs, ‘Report of the Department of Maori Affairs and of the Secretary’, AJHR, G-9, 1954, pp 22–3; Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Training Maoris for Farming’ section (for ‘[v]isits to schemes’ and ‘one reputable’ quotes); Harris, ‘Maori Land Title Improvement Since 1945’, pp 145–6, 149–50.page 301
11. Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 97 (for ‘communal way’ quote); Labrum, ‘The Essentials of Good Citizenship’, p 449 (for ‘primarily concerned’ quote); Williams, Charlotte, The Too-Hard Basket: Maori and Criminal Justice Since 1980, Wellington, 2001, p 10 (for ‘invalidated’ quote); Anderson, L G, ‘Welfare Requirements in a Multi-racial Society’, in Brookes and Kawharu (eds), Administration in New Zealand’s Multi-racial Society, Wellington, 1967, pp 98–9.
12. Hunn, Jack K, Not Only Affairs of State, Palmerston North, 1982, p 150 (for ‘dispersing’ quote); Ballara, Angela, Proud to Be White? A Survey of Pakeha Prejudice in New Zealand, Auckland, 1986, pp 135–6; Walsh, More and More Maoris, p 12; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 501; Labrum, ‘Bringing families up to scratch’, pp 454–6; Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 147–9; Pool et al, The New Zealand Family, p 212; McEwen, ‘Urbanisation’, p 82 (for ‘loneliness’, ‘diffidence’ and ‘enjoying themselves’ quotes); Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, pp 173–4, 177; Hill, ‘Social Revolution’, pp 3–4 (for ‘bad behaviour’ quote).
13. Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Occupations’ section (for ‘abrupt change’ quote); ‘One Race – Or Two?’, Daily Telegraph, 26 Jan 1952, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘constant drift’ quote).
14. Grainger, J T, ‘Fair and Just: Law for Both Races’, Weekly News, 11 June 1952, p 31 (for ‘almost automatic segregation’ and ‘depressed Maoris’ quotes); Winks, Robin, These New Zealanders, Christchurch, 1954, p 155 (for ‘little racial discrimination’ quote); Ausubel, Maori Youth, p 115 (for ‘turn for the worse’, ‘virtually non-existent’ and following quotes); Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi, p 238; Ausubel, David P, The Fern and the Tiki: An American View of New Zealand National Character, Social Attitudes and Race Relations, 1960 (New York ed, 1965), pp 174–9; Thompson, Richard, Race Relations in New Zealand: A Review of the Literature, Christchurch, 1963, pp 31–5 (p 33 for ‘legal impropriety’ quote); Harris, Aroha, Hīkoi: Forty Years of Māori Protest, Wellington, 2004, pp 17–20; Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 135-7.
15. Hill, ‘Social Revolution’, p 4 (for ‘equilibrium’ quote); Ausubel, The Fern and the Tiki, p 162 (for ‘happy-go-lucky’ quote); Western, Marie to Corbett, Minister of Maori Affairs, 1 Sept 1952 and 10 Nov 1952, MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (latter has ‘allowing the Maoris’, ‘the Maori absorbing’ and ‘paying for’ quotes); Archer, Dave and Mary, ‘Race, Identity and the Maori People’, in Webb, Stephen and Collette, John (eds), New Zealand Society: Contemporary Perspectives, Sydney, 1973 (p 124 for ‘to the extent that the Maori subscribes’ quote); Ballara, Proud to be White? pp 143–50; Edwards, Mihi, Mihipeka: Time of Turmoil, Auckland, 1992, p 188 (for ‘pretended to be a Pākehā’ quote) and back cover (for ‘We felt like intruders’ quote); Smithies, Ruth, Ten Steps Towards Bicultural Action: A Handbook on Partnership in Aotearoa–New Zealand, Wellington, 1990, p 16; Butterworth and Butterworth, Policing and the Tangata Whenua, p 15 (for ‘almost unanimously’ quote), p 17 (for ‘in relation to our drinking’ quote); Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, pp 153–4.
16. ‘The Maori in the City (2)’, New Zealand Listener, vol 23, no 578, 21 July 1950, p 9 (for ‘Maori Housewife’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Occupations’ section (for ‘atmosphere that makes for’ quote); Poulsen and Johnston, ‘Patterns of Maori Migration’, pp 151, 162, 172; McEwen, ‘Urbanisation’, pp 78–9; Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, p 137ff; ‘Rehua Maori Hostel’, pamphlet, Eph A Maori 1955, PR–06–0005, Alexander Turnbull Library (for ‘equal opportunities’ quote).
17. Grace, Patricia, Ramsden, Irihapeti and Dennis, Jonathan (eds), The Silent Migration: Ngati Poneke Young Maori Club 1937–1948, Wellington, 2001; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, pp 502–6; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, pp 200–201; Kawharu, ‘Urban Immigrants and Tangata Whenua’; Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 172–3; McLoughlin, David, ‘John Tamihere: New Zealander of the Year’, North & South, January 1998; Sharp, Andrew, ‘Traditional Authority and the Legitimation Crisis of “Urban Tribes”: The Waipareira Case’, Ethnologies comparées, no 6, 2003 p 14.
18. Winiata, Maharaia, ‘Leadership in the Auckland Maori Community’, Te Ao Hou, no 27, June 1959, p 27 (for ‘highest qualifications’ and ‘educated leader’ quotes).
19. Hazlehurst, ‘Maori Self-Government’, p 72 (for ‘training ground’ and ‘while western education’ quotes); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Education’ section (for ‘more recognition’ quote); Winiata, ‘Leadership’, p 26 (for ‘kaumatua’ and ‘specific occasions’ quotes); Hill, ‘Social Revolution’, p 5 (for ‘almost impossible’ quote), p 7 (for ‘want to be’ quote); Bradly, R L, ‘Education’s Impact on the Multi-racial Society’, in Brookes, R H and Kawharu, I H (eds),page 302 Administration in New Zealand’s Multi-racial Society, Wellington, 1967, pp 66–7; Butterworth, ‘Men of Authority’, p 18; Kernot, B, People of the Four Winds, Wellington, 1972.
20. Labrum, ‘The Essentials of Good Citizenship’, p 451 (for ‘concerns itself’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Welfare’ section (for ‘not seek to impose’ quote), ‘Housing’ section (for ‘group housing’ quote); Hill, ‘Social Revolution’, pp 6–7.
21. ‘National Blend’, New Zealand Herald, 10 May 1952, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘aim should be’ quote); ‘Racial Distinctions in New Zealand’, Weekly News, 15 Sept 1954, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘Maori is now becoming’ quote); ‘One Race – Or Two?’, Daily Telegraph, 26 Jan 1952 (for ‘logical result’ quote); ‘Assimilation of the Maoris’, Weekly News, 7 July 1954, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57; ‘“Ordinary New Zealanders”’, Taranaki Herald, 2 July 1954, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57; Manawatu Daily Times, ‘Address to Rotarians on Problems of Maori–Pakeha Relationships: Proposal to Form Maori Community Centre in Palmerston North’, 14 Dec 1954, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘Assimilation of the two races’ quote); ‘Future of Maori Race in New Zealand Life’, Evening Star, 8 July 1957, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57.
22. Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Welfare’ section (for ‘perpetuate Maori culture’ quote); ‘Rebuke for “Voice of Wellington”’, Auckland Star, 4 Sept 1954, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘good little Pakehas’ and ‘cultural arrogance’ quotes); ‘Future of Maori in New Zealand Life Discussed’, Christchurch Star–Sun, 8 Sept 1952, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘full participation’ quote); ‘Race Discrimination in New Zealand’, New Zealand Herald, 21 May 1954, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘integrated with’ quote); ‘Race and Crime’, Daily News, 24 Aug 1954, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘racial separatists’ quote); ‘Views of Maori Future Challenged’, New Zealand Herald, 6 July 1954, contained in MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘racial and cultural absorption’, ‘solve their social problems’, ‘demographic pipe-dream’ and ‘absorption or assimilation’ quotes); ‘One Race – Or Two?’, Daily Telegraph, 26 Jan 1952 (for ‘brown proletariat’ quote); Ballara, Proud to be White? p 129.
23. Minister of Maori Affairs to Mr Craig of California, 13 June 1957, MA 28, 13/13, Box 8, Racial Relationships 1952–57 (for ‘policy of the government’ quote); Butterworth, ‘Aotearoa 1769–1988’, ch 9, p 3 (for ‘hiatus’ quote); King, Maori, p 250.

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