| 1. | Hazlehurst, Kayleen M, Political Expression and Ethnicity: Statecraft and Mobilisation in the Maori World, Westport, CT, 1993, p 16 (for ‘affiliatory ties’ and ‘belonging by association’ quotes); Ausubel, David P, ‘The Maori: A Study in Resistive Acculturation’, in Webb, Stephen D and Collette, John (eds), New Zealand Society: Contemporary Perspectives, Sydney, 1973, p 95 (for ‘strong residuum’, ‘resumption’ and ‘racial nationalism’ quotes); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Occupations’ section (for ‘religious, family, and tribal’ and ‘transfer’ quotes); Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 503 (for ‘the key’ quote); Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, p 198 (for ‘retarded’ quote); Kawharu, ‘Introduction’, in Brookes and Kawharu (eds), Administration, pp 11–12; Winiata, ‘Leadership’, pp 22–3);page 304 Booth, J M, and Hunn, J K, Integration of Maori and Pakeha, Wellington, 1962, p 10 (for ‘their own kind’ quote). The term ‘voluntary associations’ is used in this book in its conventional (and contemporary) sense, although most people who worked within the official committee system were also ‘volunteers’, usually unremunerated ones at that. |
| 2. | Grace et al, The Silent Migration; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 504 (for ‘consciousness of pan-tribalism’ quote); Ropiha to Minister, ‘Revised Welfare Policy’, 14 Nov 1956, AAMK, 869, Box 1051a, 35/1/1, Maori Welfare Legislation, 1956–62, para 34 (for ‘formation of Maori youth clubs’ quote); ‘Notes on “Culture and the Rural Family” in relation to Maori’, encl Secretary for Maori Affairs to Director of Education, 23 May 1956, MA, W2490, 36/10, Box 99, Part 2, Maori Club Associations and Recreation Groups, Social Organisation, 1951–56 (for ‘cushion the effect’ quote); Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Occupations’ section (for ‘gathers into its fold’, ‘every town where’ and ‘new relationship’ quotes); Maori Welfare Officer in Tauranga, Report to District Officer, 2 Dec 1959, MA, W2490, Box 99, Part 3, 36/10, Maori Club Associations and Recreation Groups, Social Organisation, 1951–56 (for ‘mainly run’ quote); District Officer, Wanganui, M G Kellar Report to the Secretary, Head Office, 3 Dec 1959, MA, W2490, Box 99, Part 3, 36/10, Maori Club Associations and Recreation Groups, Social Organisation, 1951–56 (for ‘age of “Rock-n-Roll”’ quote); ‘Maori of today poses social welfare problems’, newspaper clipping, MA 1, Box 650, Part 7, 36/1, Welfare-general, 1956–59 (for ‘Maori songs being sung’ quote). |
| 3. | Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, pp 501–2, 504 (for ‘incomplete substitute[s]’ quotes); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 199 (for ‘transplanting [Maori] culture’ quote), p 200 (for ‘one of the bastions’ quote), p 201 (for ‘nothing in common’ quote); Williams, Melissa, ‘Panguru, Te Puutu, and “The Maori Affairs”: The Punguru Community Development Project, 1954–1957’, MA thesis, Auckland, 2005; Kawharu, ‘Urban Immigrants and Tangata Whenua’; Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘Investment Societies’ section (for ‘worthwhile use for the money’ and ‘revitalise Maori communities’ quotes); Thompson, Race Relations in New Zealand, p 46; Walker, ‘The Politics’, p 167 (for ‘integrative function’ quote); Ritchie, J E, ‘Planning: Problems: Perspectives’, in Brookes and Kawharu (eds), Administration, pp 119–20. |
| 4. | Hill, State Authority, p 247ff (p 249 for ‘prerogative’ quote); ‘Women’s Health League’, Opotiki News, 6 July, 1951, contained in MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 1950– 56; Rei, Tania, McDonald, Geraldine and Te Awakōtuku, Ngāhuia, ‘Ngā Rōpū Wāhine Māori: Māori Women’s Organisations’, in Else, Anne (ed), Women Together: A History of Women’s Organisations in New Zealand: Ngā Rōpū Wāhine o te Motu, Wellington, 1993, pp 8–9; King, Michael, Whina: A Biography of Whina Cooper, Auckland, 1983, pp 167–8; Tautari, Marie, ‘Māori Women’s Institutes 1929–1950s’, in Else, Anne (ed), Women Together, pp 25–7; Meha, Raina, ‘Te Rōpū o te Ora: Women’s Health League 1937–’, in Else, Anne (ed), Women Together, pp 30–33; Department of Maori Affairs, ‘Annual Report’, 1950, p 11; Szaszy, Mira, Te Timatanga a Tātau Tātau: Early Stories from Founding Members of the Māori Women’s Welfare League, Te Rōpū Wāhine Māori Toko i te Ora, Wellington, 1993, pp xiv, xvi; Durie, Mason, Whaiora: Maori Health Development, Melbourne, 1994 (2nd ed, 1998), pp 47–8 (p 47 for ‘a significant force’ quote); Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 202; Winiata, The Changing Role, p 166; Byron, Isolde, Nga Perehitini: The Presidents of the Maori Women’s Welfare League 1951–2001, Auckland, 2002, p 9; Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 88–92. |
| 5. | Wright, R, ‘The First Conference of the Maori Women’s Welfare Leagues’, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 1950–56; King, Whina, p 7 (for ‘begun her public career’ and ‘urban and national’ quotes), p 168 (for ‘the formation’ quote), p 167ff; Harris, ‘Dancing with the State’, pp 92–113, 169–71; Rei, Tania, ‘Te Rōpū Wāhine Māori Toko i te Ora: Māori Women’s Welfare League 1951–’, in Else, Anne (ed), Women Together, pp 34–38; Szaszy, Mira, Te Timatanga a Tātau Tātau, pp xiv, xvi; Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou, p 202; Labrum, ‘Bringing families up to scratch’, pp 165–6; Byron, Nga Perehitini, pp 9–20 (p 9 for ‘independent’ and ‘understanding between Maori’ quotes, p 15 for ‘the general uplift’, ‘care and maintenance’ and ‘active interest in all matters’ quotes, p 16 for ‘take their rightful place’ quote); Winiata, The Changing Role, p 169 (for ‘assuming the role’ quote); Page, Dorothy, The National Council of Women: A Centennial History, Auckland, 1996, pp 98–9; King, Maori, p 251; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, pp 98–9; McClure, Margaret, A Civilised Community: A History of Social Security in New Zealand 1898–1998, Auckland, 1998, p 124; Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, p 507; Cox, Lindsay, Kotahitanga: The Search for Maori Political Unity,page 305 Auckland, 1993, pp 127–30, 191; Labrum, ‘The Essentials of Good Citizenship’, p 454 (for ‘civic responsibilities’ quote); Schrader, Ben, ‘The Other Story: Changing Perceptions of State Housing’, New Zealand Journal of History, Oct 2006, pp 164–5. |
| 6. | Rei et al, ‘Ngā Rōpū Wāhine Māori’, p 9 (for ‘centred on the house’ quote), p 10 (for ‘created to assist’ quote); Assistant Secretary Maori Affairs to the Secretary, Public Service Commission, Wellington, 17 Aug 1955, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 1950–56 (for ‘born as a voluntary body’ quote); Winiata, The Changing Role, p 166 (for ‘may be seen’ quote); Rei, ‘Te Rōpū Wāhine’, p 34; Secretary of Maori Affairs to the President, MWWL, 6 Sept 1956, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 2, 36/26 (for ‘any thought whatever’ quote); Secretary for Maori Affairs to Secretary to the Treasury, 11 June 1956, ‘Public Money’, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 2, 36/26; Secretary to the Treasury to Secretary for Maori Affairs, 21 August 1956, ‘Public Money’, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 2, 36/26; Under Secretary to the President, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 30 Jan 1953, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 1950–56; ‘Handling of Cash in Head Office, Department of Maori Affairs’, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 1950–56; Byron, Nga Perehitini, p 9 (for ‘quasi-voluntary’ quote); Durie, Whaiora, p 49 (for ‘born out of’ quote). |
| 7. | Cooper, Whina to the Hon Mr Corbett, Minister of Maori Affairs, 24 April 1953, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 1950–56 (for ‘much help’ and ‘without your sanction’ quotes); Secretary of Maori Affairs to the President, MWWL, 8 June 1953, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 1950–56 (for ‘in the happy position’ quote); Cooper, Whina to the Secretary, re ‘Administration of MWWL Organisation’, 7 Aug 1953, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26, Maori Women’s Welfare League, 1950–56 (for ‘It would appear’ and the following Cooper quotes); Page, The National Council of Women, p 98 (for ‘just say yes’ quote); King, Whina, pp 185–6 (for ‘worried about’ and following quotes; and for ‘a strong tendency’ quote), also pp 183–4; Byron, Nga Perehitini, p 11 (for ‘the greatest social advancement’ quote). |
| 8. | Rei, ‘Te Rōpū Wāhine’, pp 34–5, 37; Minister of Maori Affairs to Secretary for Maori Affairs, 8 May 1958 (for ‘Leagues have contributed’ quote); Resolution MWWL Conference 1957, Policy 11, MA, W2490, Box 131, Part 1, 36/26/20 (for ‘not yet ready’ quote); ‘Brief History of the League – its administration and financial background’, MA, W2490, Box 132, Part 4, 36/26, MWWL, 1962–70; Hunn, Report on Department of Maori Affairs (for ‘generally more alive’ quote); Hazlehurst, Political Expression, p 16 (for ‘shared ethnicity’ quote); Maori Women’s Welfare League Archive, Nelson Provincial Museum (for ‘ability to apply’ quote); Maori Women’s Welfare League 1951–1988, MS Papers 1396, Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand. |
| 9. | Department of Maori Affairs, The Maori Today, 1964, ‘The Future’ section (for ‘striking success’ and ‘never before’ quotes); King, ‘Between Two Worlds’, p 296 (for ‘impatient with anything less’ quote); Butterworth, G V, ‘The Health of the Body, the Health of Land: A Comparative Study of the Political Objectives and Careers of Wiremu Ratana and the Ratana Movement, and Sir Apirana Ngata’, Wellington, Treaty of Waitangi Research Unit, Feb 2000, p 48 (for ‘a truly united Maori people’ quote, taken from Ngata’s ‘A Plea for the Unity of the Maori People’, Papers and Addresses of the Second Conference of the Te Aute College Students Association, Napier, 1898, p 23); Sissons, ‘The post-assimilationist thought’, pp 49–52; Hazlehurst, ‘Maori Self-Government’, p 72; Winiata, The Changing Role; Winiata, ‘Leadership’. |
| 10. | Metge, Joan, New Growth from Old: The Whanau in the Modern World, Wellington, 1995, pp 39–40, 50, 305 (for ‘centralised market economy’ and following quotes); Morris, Paul, ‘Community Beyond Tradition’, in Heelas, Paul, Lash, Scott and Morris, Paul (eds), Detraditionalization: Critical Reflections on Authority and Identity, Oxford, 1996; Hohepa, Patrick, A Maori Community in Northland, Wellington, 1970, pp 93–103, 129–30 (p 93 for ‘most effective’ quote, p 129 for ‘[t]raditional cultural ways’ and ‘abandonment and change’ quotes). |
| 11. | Secretary of External Affairs to the Prime Minister, 24 Dec 1959, and attached draft, ‘Discrimination against Maoris: The Indigenous Populations Convention 1957’, Nash Papers, Series 1151, Folio 001– 0165, Department Papers, 1958–60; Walsh, More and More Maoris, p 12; Butterworth and Young, Maori Affairs, p 99 (for ‘on the issue of assimilation’ quote); Nightingale, ‘Maori at Work’, p 178. |
| 12. | Ballara, Proud to be White? p 30 (citing Winiata, ‘Two Peoples: One Nation’, New Zealand Listener, 25 March 1955); Walker, ‘Maori People Since 1950’, pp 507–9; King, ‘Between Two Worlds’, pp 296–7.page 306 |
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