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Ethnology of Tokelau Islands

Index

page 182

Index

Page
adoption 38, 46
adultery 42
adzes 13, 85, 88, 114, 115, 152154, 172173
agriculture 11 (see also land tenure)
arrowroot 149
avoidance 38, 40
bananas 149
Bowditch Island (Fakaofu) 5
breadfruit 149
brothers 38, 42, 45, 5758
burial 44, 52, 160
cannibalism 86, 87, 88
canoes 13, 45, 8586, 112123, 125, 169 (see also fishing)
cautery 71, 7273
ceremonies 22, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 52, 59, 6669, 98, 111, 113114, 151152, 158, 160, 165166
chieftainship 23, 46, 4952, 53, 64, 162, 178
clothing 38, 39, 140142, 171
coconut (products, uses) 11, 13, 16, 18, 23, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 58, 64, 66, 69, 70, 82, 83, 84, 8586, 88, 89, 95, 110, 115, 117, 123, 125, 127129, 130131, 135140, 143, 145149, 150, 151, 152, 156, 163
Cook Islands 17, 79, 176, 177 (see also Manihiki, Rarotonga)
council, family 40, 162
council, village 43, 48, 52, 53, 54, 58, 66, 82, 83, 162
cousins 38, 40, 45, 46, 158
cursing 23, 45, 50, 6465, 110
dances 43, 44, 67, 7374, 7678, 151, 167
dogs 13
drums 75, 159, 167
Duke of York Island (Atafu) 5, 28
Ellice Islands 4, 14, 15, 20, 28, 34, 105, 109, 111, 118, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178
elopement 40
eyeshades 142
Fafie 19, 24, 28, 60, 62, 163
family 35, 38, 40, 44, 45, 5051
famine 23, 28, 81, 149
father's sister 38, 40, 45, 161
Fiji 27, 79, 8586, 112, 157, 171
fire 60, 145146, 151, 163
fish and fishing 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 63, 66, 80, 84, 85, 89, 92112, 150, 151152, 169, 177
fishing boxes (tuluma) 15, 118, 157, 173, 176
fowl 150
Futuna 15, 27, 160, 168
games 82, 83
genealogies 41, 45, 47, 5051, 53
generations 35, 45
Gilbert Islands 4, 5, 28, 34, 157, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 170, 171, 176
god houses 31, 60, 6566, 124125, 163164, 171
gods 5970, 84, 85, 111, 113, 162163 (see also Tui Tokelau)
Great Britain 34
Hawaii 26, 75, 166, 169, 171, 173, 175
Hibiscus (fau) 83, 138139
houses 13, 122127 (see also god houses)
incest 41
inheritance 40, 4243, 45, 4748, 5354, 5758
Jennings 7, 31, 32
kanava (tree) 58, 61, 75, 113, 114, 129, 141, 143, 147, 154
Kava (ancestor and title) 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 50, 54
kava 87, 151
kindred 35, 41, 42, 43, 4548, 49, 5354, 5758, 177
land tenure 13, 45, 47, 5358
Lu 16, 17, 166167, 176
Mafuike 17, 167
maggots (ancestral) 17, 18, 166
malae (marae) 57, 59, 65, 66, 84, 152, 157, 159, 163, 164165
Manihiki 14, 15, 28, 125, 159, 160, 161, 167, 170, 173, 177
Marquesas 164, 171, 172, 173, 174
matrilineal reckoning 160, 161
matrilocal residence 42, 46, 161
mats 13, 37, 39, 40, 4143, 44, 52, 61, 65, 67, 69, 74, 82, 113, 114, 124, 130136, 159, 162
Maui 16, 79, 166167, 175, 176
men's houses 39, 4849, 125, 162
Micronesia 4, 161, 162, 164, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178 (see also Gilbert Islands)
midwife 36
mother's brother 41
New Zealand 14, 15, 26, 60, 79, 159, 164, 166, 171, 172, 173
Ontong Java (Leuaniua) 22, 78, 160, 166
origin myths 1618, 166
pandanus 36, 39, 58, 66, 119, 123, 124, 127128, 129130, 131135, 136, 141, 147, 149, 150, 156
patrilineal reckoning 35, 45, 160
patrilocal residence 43
pearl-shell ornaments 13, 52, 81, 83, 142, 143, 171
Phoenix Islands 5
pigs 150
pillows 124, 171, 177
polygyny 41
possession (divine) 6364
pregnancy 35, 42, 82, 87
priests 29, 47, 51, 53, 60, 61, 6365, 6970, 163
property 13, 45, 47, 48, 5152 (see also land tenure and inheritance)page 183
Pukapuka 14, 28, 159, 162, 176
Quiros' Island (Olosenga) 5
rank (see chieftainship and seniority)
Rarotonga 14, 18, 28, 33
Rotuma 79, 160, 161, 165, 168
Samoa 4, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 27, 32, 33, 34, 45, 48, 50, 53, 59, 66, 79, 89, 90, 94, 99, 109, 112, 113, 119, 121, 135, 137, 151, 152, 157, 159177
seniority 45, 46, 48, 4950, 53, 57, 162
sexual license 42
Sikaiana 22, 164, 173
Sina 79, 8085, 167, 177
Singano 18
sisters 38, 44, 45, 46, 5758
songs 17, 27, 29, 41, 43, 61, 7679, 81, 82, 86, 87, 93
souls 37, 62, 69
spirits 35, 36, 37, 6163, 69, 84, 113, 162
South American raiders 33, 34
stars 26, 85, 8990
stones (sacred) 23, 59, 60, 65, 67, 162, 175
Swain's Island (Olosenga) 5
Tahiti 26, 164, 165, 166, 172, 174
Talanga 16, 17, 18, 166167
Tangaloa 59, 66, 77, 81, 85, 162163, 165, 172, 177
tapu 35, 39, 40, 44, 5152, 61, 63, 67, 69, 110, 113114, 165166, 175
taro 10, 13, 23, 149, 177
tattooing 143145
tides 36, 93, 97, 98
Tikitiki 16, 24, 166, 175
Tikopia 22, 171
Tinilau 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84
Tonga 15, 16, 27, 79, 83, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 170, 171
Tongareva 28, 60, 168
Tui Tokelau 22, 23, 31, 50, 51, 5960, 63, 64, 6669, 152, 163, 164
twins 3738
umbilical cord 3637
Union Islands (Tokelau) 5
Uvea 27, 28, 32, 77, 112, 168, 173
villages 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 48, 53, 54, 5557
virginity 41
wailing 43, 52
walls 5, 48, 56, 162
war 13, 1923, 29, 4849, 113, 157158, 159
winds 10, 89, 90
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Fish Trap and Nets: A, Fish Trap of Bent Twigs and Light Branches; B, Rectangular Scoop Net with One End Closed to Form Pocket; C, Large Scoop Net for Catching O Fish, Made of Sennit Cord in Form of a Broad Bag.

Fish Trap and Nets: A, Fish Trap of Bent Twigs and Light Branches; B, Rectangular Scoop Net with One End Closed to Form Pocket; C, Large Scoop Net for Catching O Fish, Made of Sennit Cord in Form of a Broad Bag.

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Fish Nets: A, Long-Handled Dip Net for Catching Flying Fish, with Forked Arms Lashed Together at Ends to Form Oval or Leaf-Shaped Frame; B, O Dip Net of Sennit with Netting Knot; C, Long Seine of Twisted Fau Cord with Wood Floats along Upper Edge and Shell Sinkers along Lower Edge, Used in Big Fish Drives.

Fish Nets: A, Long-Handled Dip Net for Catching Flying Fish, with Forked Arms Lashed Together at Ends to Form Oval or Leaf-Shaped Frame; B, O Dip Net of Sennit with Netting Knot; C, Long Seine of Twisted Fau Cord with Wood Floats along Upper Edge and Shell Sinkers along Lower Edge, Used in Big Fish Drives.

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Canoes: A, Model Double Canoe with Reversed Hulls Connected by 2 Center and 2 End Booms, Shown in near Hull; Upper Hull Decked with 2 Planks; Hatch Cover with Lifting Ropes; End and Side Weather Boards Surrounding Deck; Center Deck between Hulls with End Weather Boards, and Cross Plank on Edge in Middle for Stepping Mast; Mast Braced by Fore and Aft Stays Running to End Weather Boards of Center Deck, and Shrouds Running to Ends of Center Booms; Rope Loop at Lashing of Shrouds to Mast for Hoisting Sail; Lashing Cleat at Foot; Ornamental Shells (In Actual Canoes, Cypraea Ovula) Surmounting Mast; Outer Weather Boards, Bow and Stern; Connecting Bar of Pyramidal Projections on Bow and Stern Covers. B, Model Fishing Canoe Built of 3 Sections with Sides Raised by Plank Strakes, Bow Cover with Wave Guard, Pyramidal Projections, and Connecting Bar; Stern Cover with Block Rest for Fishing Pole and Ornamented Pyramidal Projections; 6 Outrigger Booms, the Bow and Stern Booms Attached to the Float by 4 Diagonal, Uncrossed Connectives and a Suspensory Lashing, the Middle and Shorter Booms by Single Connectives; Longitudinal Stringers across Outer Ends of Booms; Plank Platform Lashed under Two after Booms; Stern Lifting Grip Lashed to Stern Boom and Port Gunwale; Bow Lifting Bar Lashed across Gunwales behind Bow Cover; 5 Seats before Booms, and Stern Seat before Stern Cover.

Canoes: A, Model Double Canoe with Reversed Hulls Connected by 2 Center and 2 End Booms, Shown in near Hull; Upper Hull Decked with 2 Planks; Hatch Cover with Lifting Ropes; End and Side Weather Boards Surrounding Deck; Center Deck between Hulls with End Weather Boards, and Cross Plank on Edge in Middle for Stepping Mast; Mast Braced by Fore and Aft Stays Running to End Weather Boards of Center Deck, and Shrouds Running to Ends of Center Booms; Rope Loop at Lashing of Shrouds to Mast for Hoisting Sail; Lashing Cleat at Foot; Ornamental Shells (In Actual Canoes, Cypraea Ovula) Surmounting Mast; Outer Weather Boards, Bow and Stern; Connecting Bar of Pyramidal Projections on Bow and Stern Covers. B, Model Fishing Canoe Built of 3 Sections with Sides Raised by Plank Strakes, Bow Cover with Wave Guard, Pyramidal Projections, and Connecting Bar; Stern Cover with Block Rest for Fishing Pole and Ornamented Pyramidal Projections; 6 Outrigger Booms, the Bow and Stern Booms Attached to the Float by 4 Diagonal, Uncrossed Connectives and a Suspensory Lashing, the Middle and Shorter Booms by Single Connectives; Longitudinal Stringers across Outer Ends of Booms; Plank Platform Lashed under Two after Booms; Stern Lifting Grip Lashed to Stern Boom and Port Gunwale; Bow Lifting Bar Lashed across Gunwales behind Bow Cover; 5 Seats before Booms, and Stern Seat before Stern Cover.

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House THATCHING: A, Modern House with FALA PANDANUS-LEAF and COCONUT-LEAF Wall SHEETS; End Showing Trimmed FALA-LEAF Sheets Stretched under Supporting Rod and across Middle and Plaited COCONUT-LEAF Screens Strung on Cords over Windows and DOORWAYS; Raised COCONUT-LEAF Screens under Eaves of Side of HOUSE. B, Commencement of FALA Pandanus Thatching SHEET; Butt End of Leaf over Rod of Split COCONUT-LEAF MIDRIB, Punctured with Bone AWL, and Pinned with COCONUT-LEAFLET Midrib Held in WORKER'S Right HAND. C, Pinning Leaves of Thatching SHEET; Man at Left Has Pinned Commencement Edge of First LEAF; Man at Right Has Laid 4 Leaves on ROD, the LEFT-HAND Border Overlapping the Right of the Preceding Leaf.

House THATCHING: A, Modern House with FALA PANDANUS-LEAF and COCONUT-LEAF Wall SHEETS; End Showing Trimmed FALA-LEAF Sheets Stretched under Supporting Rod and across Middle and Plaited COCONUT-LEAF Screens Strung on Cords over Windows and DOORWAYS; Raised COCONUT-LEAF Screens under Eaves of Side of HOUSE. B, Commencement of FALA Pandanus Thatching SHEET; Butt End of Leaf over Rod of Split COCONUT-LEAF MIDRIB, Punctured with Bone AWL, and Pinned with COCONUT-LEAFLET Midrib Held in WORKER'S Right HAND. C, Pinning Leaves of Thatching SHEET; Man at Left Has Pinned Commencement Edge of First LEAF; Man at Right Has Laid 4 Leaves on ROD, the LEFT-HAND Border Overlapping the Right of the Preceding Leaf.

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House CONSTRUCTION: A, Typical Rectangular Dwelling Home with Modern High Eaves and Open WALLS, Protected by Dropping Wall SCREENS; on Coral Platform Retained by Slabs of Coral Set on Edge and Coconut LOGS; Coral Floor Retained by Smaller Logs Running between House POSTS. B, Interior of Modern Dwelling House Showing Kingpost Supporting RIDGEPOLE. C, Meeting House (FALA LOA) at Atafu of Type with Low Eaves Used Formerly for MEN'S HOUSES; Light Wall Poles Prevent Wall Screens from Blowing.

House CONSTRUCTION: A, Typical Rectangular Dwelling Home with Modern High Eaves and Open WALLS, Protected by Dropping Wall SCREENS; on Coral Platform Retained by Slabs of Coral Set on Edge and Coconut LOGS; Coral Floor Retained by Smaller Logs Running between House POSTS. B, Interior of Modern Dwelling House Showing Kingpost Supporting RIDGEPOLE. C, Meeting House (FALA LOA) at Atafu of Type with Low Eaves Used Formerly for MEN'S HOUSES; Light Wall Poles Prevent Wall Screens from Blowing.

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Ancient Houses and God HOUSE: A, Stone Piers in Lagoon and Native Houses at ATAFU, 1841. Illustrated by Wilkes (34); Top of Stone Pier in FOREGROUND, with COCONUT-SHELL Water Bottles Suspended from Forked STICK, and Natives Wearing MALO and EYESHADES; Stone Pier in Center Made of Wall of Covered Coral Slabs Filed with Coral RUBBLE; Toilet at End Partly Supported by PILES; Ancient Types of Native Houses with Pitched ENDS, Top under Ridge Ends of ROOF, and Eaves 1 or 2 Feet from GROUND. B, Ancient God House on MALAE at FAKAOFU, Illustrated by Wilkes (34); Coral Slabs of Tui Tokelau and Te Moana Wrapped in MATS; FOUR-LEGGED Wooden Seat OPPOSITE; Roof Supported by 3 Center Posts and Wall POSTS; Railing around Floor Appears to the Built on a Platform in Rear Part of HOUSE; Thatch at Eaves and into Tassels

Ancient Houses and God HOUSE: A, Stone Piers in Lagoon and Native Houses at ATAFU, 1841. Illustrated by Wilkes (34); Top of Stone Pier in FOREGROUND, with COCONUT-SHELL Water Bottles Suspended from Forked STICK, and Natives Wearing MALO and EYESHADES; Stone Pier in Center Made of Wall of Covered Coral Slabs Filed with Coral RUBBLE; Toilet at End Partly Supported by PILES; Ancient Types of Native Houses with Pitched ENDS, Top under Ridge Ends of ROOF, and Eaves 1 or 2 Feet from GROUND. B, Ancient God House on MALAE at FAKAOFU, Illustrated by Wilkes (34); Coral Slabs of Tui Tokelau and Te Moana Wrapped in MATS; FOUR-LEGGED Wooden Seat OPPOSITE; Roof Supported by 3 Center Posts and Wall POSTS; Railing around Floor Appears to the Built on a Platform in Rear Part of HOUSE; Thatch at Eaves and into Tassels

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Kilt and MATS: A, MAN'S Kilt of KIE Pandanus LEAF, Worn Double with Fringes of Both Edges Hanging DOWN; Black Band Border Made of Dyed Coconut LEAF. B, FALA Pandanus Sleeping Mats Showing Patterns Obtained by Plaiting Bleached and Unbleached STRIPS; Black Borders Parallel to Edges Made of Dyed Coconut LEAF; Left MAT, FETI PATTERN; Center MAT, TUPONO PATTERN; Right MAT, TULIMA Pattern.

Kilt and MATS: A, MAN'S Kilt of KIE Pandanus LEAF, Worn Double with Fringes of Both Edges Hanging DOWN; Black Band Border Made of Dyed Coconut LEAF. B, FALA Pandanus Sleeping Mats Showing Patterns Obtained by Plaiting Bleached and Unbleached STRIPS; Black Borders Parallel to Edges Made of Dyed Coconut LEAF; Left MAT, FETI PATTERN; Center MAT, TUPONO PATTERN; Right MAT, TULIMA Pattern.

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Coconut-LEAF PLAITING: A, Coconut Leaf Basket Made in 5-TWILL TECHNIQUE; Plaiting Board and STICK; and Coconut Water Bottle Covered with Sennit Cord Mesh Made by Single HALF-TURN KNOTTING, Seized Cord Handle and Attached Wooden STOPPER. B, FANS: Two Upper Fans Decorated with DYED, Overlaid COCONUT-LEAF STRIPS, Fan at Left with White Sea Bird FEATHERS; Lower ROW: LEFT, Decorated with Sea Bird Feathers and Double Band of Dyed Coconut Leaf Wrapped around WEFTS; MIDDLE, Decorated with Chicken Feathers and Having Open Work in PLAITING, a Modern TECHNIQUE; RIGHT, Simple Ancient Type Fan with Triple POINT, Decorated Border of Dyed LEAF, and Handle Covered with DARK- and LIGHT-COLORED Plaiting.

Coconut-LEAF PLAITING: A, Coconut Leaf Basket Made in 5-TWILL TECHNIQUE; Plaiting Board and STICK; and Coconut Water Bottle Covered with Sennit Cord Mesh Made by Single HALF-TURN KNOTTING, Seized Cord Handle and Attached Wooden STOPPER. B, FANS: Two Upper Fans Decorated with DYED, Overlaid COCONUT-LEAF STRIPS, Fan at Left with White Sea Bird FEATHERS; Lower ROW: LEFT, Decorated with Sea Bird Feathers and Double Band of Dyed Coconut Leaf Wrapped around WEFTS; MIDDLE, Decorated with Chicken Feathers and Having Open Work in PLAITING, a Modern TECHNIQUE; RIGHT, Simple Ancient Type Fan with Triple POINT, Decorated Border of Dyed LEAF, and Handle Covered with DARK- and LIGHT-COLORED Plaiting.

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Wooden Bowls and Fishing BOX: A, TOP, Large KANAVA Bowl (KUMSTE TULA) with Rounded BOTTOM, Elliptical RIM, and Angular Lug HANDLES; LEFT, Shallow Bowl (KUMETE Tau LOLO), Broadly Rounded BOTTOM, Elliptical Ring with Rounded Lug HANDLES; RIGHT, FLAT-BOTTOMED Bowl (KUMETE Pala IKA) OF PUAPUA Wood with Knobbed HANDLES. B, Fishing Bucket (TULUMA); LEFT, under Side of Cover Showing UNDERCUTTING, Leaving Flange to Fit around Rim Flange to Make Bucket WATER-TIGHT; RIGHT. Cover Fitted ON, Showing Top LUG, Perforated for Lashing and Carrying CORD; Patch Set into Lower Right Side of Bucket.

Wooden Bowls and Fishing BOX: A, TOP, Large KANAVA Bowl (KUMSTE TULA) with Rounded BOTTOM, Elliptical RIM, and Angular Lug HANDLES; LEFT, Shallow Bowl (KUMETE Tau LOLO), Broadly Rounded BOTTOM, Elliptical Ring with Rounded Lug HANDLES; RIGHT, FLAT-BOTTOMED Bowl (KUMETE Pala IKA) OF PUAPUA Wood with Knobbed HANDLES. B, Fishing Bucket (TULUMA); LEFT, under Side of Cover Showing UNDERCUTTING, Leaving Flange to Fit around Rim Flange to Make Bucket WATER-TIGHT; RIGHT. Cover Fitted ON, Showing Top LUG, Perforated for Lashing and Carrying CORD; Patch Set into Lower Right Side of Bucket.

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Ancient Stone WORK: A, Grave Edged with Coral Slabs Set on EDGE, Head and Foot Stone Set on END; in BACKGROUND, Adjacent Graves of Modern CEMETERY. B, Stone Circle for Soaking Coconut HUSKS, Built of Coral Slabs in Courses by Early People of ATAFU; Interior Originally DEEPER. C, Stone Pier at FAKAOFU; Modern Pier on Sea Side of Islet Built to Present Height over Several GENERATIONS; Dwelling Houses on TOP, Toilet on Piles at RIGHT; End of Pier Used as Landing for Small Boats.

Ancient Stone WORK: A, Grave Edged with Coral Slabs Set on EDGE, Head and Foot Stone Set on END; in BACKGROUND, Adjacent Graves of Modern CEMETERY. B, Stone Circle for Soaking Coconut HUSKS, Built of Coral Slabs in Courses by Early People of ATAFU; Interior Originally DEEPER. C, Stone Pier at FAKAOFU; Modern Pier on Sea Side of Islet Built to Present Height over Several GENERATIONS; Dwelling Houses on TOP, Toilet on Piles at RIGHT; End of Pier Used as Landing for Small Boats.

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