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The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 23

Class IV. — Animal and Vegetable Substances Used in Manufactures

page 24

Class IV.

Animal and Vegetable Substances Used in Manufactures.

Section A.—Oils, Fats, and Wax.

Division 1.—Animal Oils and Wax.

395.Bee's wax, Travancore.
396.Bee's wax, Pegu.
397.Bee's wax, Burmah.
398.Bee's wax, Indian Archipelago.
399.East India fish oil.

Division 2.—Vegetable Oil-Seeds and Oils.

Oil Seeds.

400.Linseed, (Ulsee), Linum usitatissimum.
401.Linseed, Linum usitatissimum, Mirzapore.
402.Linseed, Linum usitatissimum, Bengal.
403.Linseed, Linum usitatissimum, Bombay.
404.White sesame, Sesamum orientale, Bengal
405.Brown sesame, Sesamum orientale, Madras.
406.Gingelly seed, Sesamum orientale, Madras.
407.Black sesame, Sesamum orientale, Madras.
408.Sesame seed, Sesamum orientale, Lucknow.
409.India rape seed, Sinapis dichotoma, Ferozepore.
410.Guzerat rape seed, Sinapis glauca, Guzerat.
411.Sursee seed, Sinapis glauca, India.
412.India mustard seed, Sinapis ramosa. (?)
413.Poppy seed, Papaver somniferum, Madras.
414.Poppy seed, Papaver somniferum, Bengal.
415.Safflower seed, Carthamus tinclorius, Bengal.
416.Niger seed, (Ramtil), Guizotia oleifera.
417.Kalizeerie, Vernonia anthelmintica, Bengal.
418.Ground nuts, Arachis hypogœa, Madras.
419.Ground nuts, Arachis hypogœa, Bombay.
420.Cucumber seed, Cucumis sp.page 25
421.Alexandrian-laurel nuts, Calophyllum inopliyllum, Cuttack.
422.Ben seeds, (Mooringhay), Moringa pterygosperma, Madras.
423.Cashew nuts, Anacardium occidentale, Madras.
424.Croton seed, Croton tiglium, Madras.
425.Castor oil seed, Ricinus communis major.
426.Red castor oil seed, Ricinus communis minor, Singapore.

Vegetable Oils.

427.Linseed oil, Linum usitatissimum, Calcutta.
428.Linseed oil, Linum usitatissimum, crushed in London from Calcutta seed.
429.Gingelly oil, Sesame orientale, Madras.
430.Gingelly oil, Sesame orientale, Sattara.
431.Gingelly oil, Sesame orientale, crushed in London from Madras seed.
432.Mustard seed oil, Sinapis sp., Calcutta.
433.Surson oil, Sinapis glauca, Calcutta.
434.Poppy seed oil, Papaver somniferum, crushed in London from Indian seed.
435.Safflower oil, Carthamus tinctorius.
436.Ground nut oil, Arachis hypogœa, Madras.
437.Ground nut oil, Arachis hypogœa.
438.Cucumber seed oil, Cucumis utilissimus, Calcutta.
439.Poonga oil, Calophyllum inophyllum, Saharunpore.
440.Korung oil, Pongamia glabra, Chota Nagpore.
441.Physic nut oil, Jalropha curcas.
442.Lamp oil, Ricinus communis major, Madras.
443.Bherinda oil, Jatroplia curcas, Calcutta.

Solid Fats.

444.Cocoanut oil, Cocos nucifera, Calcutta.
445.Piney tallow, Vateria Indica, Canara.
446.Mowha oil, Bassia longifolia.
447.Margosa oil, Azadirachta indica, Madras.
448.Gamboge fat, Garcinia pictoria, Canara.
449.Mace paste, Myristica moschata, Penang.
450.Vegetable wax, an artificial manufacture from Castor-oil.
451.Stearine candles, manufactured at Cossipore, near Calcutta.
page 26

Section B.—Animal Substances used in Manufactures.

Wool.

452.Thibet Wool, Darjeeling.
453.Wool, 1st sort, Choonian.
454.Yumba, Highland lamb's wool, Thibet.
455.Che Bal (Jangpa) Highland sheep's wool, Thibet.
456.Thibet wool, Darjeeling.
457.Rong Bal valley sheep's wool, Thibet.
458.Wool, Jesselmere.
459.Goat's wool, Yarkend, Thibet.
460.Yak's wool, Pœphagus grunniens, Thibet.
461.White wool, Jhung.
462.Sheep's wool, ¼-bred, Mysore.
463.White wool, cleaned, Guzerat.
464.Sheep's wool, ¾-bred, Mysore.
465.Wool, Mysore.
466.Wool of the Thibet goat, Pushun, used in the manufacture of Cashmere shawls.
467.Wool, Shikarpore.
468.Wool, Khelat.
469.Black wool, Bombay.
470.Cashmere goat's wool, 4th sort, Umritsur.
471.Cashmere goat's wool, 2nd sort, Umritsur.
472.Cashmere goat's wool, Umritsur.
473.Wool, Mysore.
474.Thibet wool, Darjeeling.
475.Wool of the Thibetan goat, Pushun.
476.Goat's wool, used in the manufacture of Cashmere shawls, Thibet.
477.Wool, Cuttack.
478.Cashmere goat's wool, 3rd class, Umritsur.
479.Cashmere goat's wool, 2nd class, Umritsur.
480.Goat's wool, Umritsur.
481.Cashmere goat's wool, 1st class, Umritsur
482.Wool, Ahmedabad.
483.Cashmere goat's wool, Umritsur.page 27
484.Cashmere goat's wool, Umritsur.
485.Cabul goat's wool, 1st class.
The following woollen substances are used in the Punjab:—
a.

Pashun, or shawl wool, properly so called, being a downy substance, found next the skin and below the thick hair of the Thibetan goat. It is of three colours: white, drab, and dark lavender (Tûsha).

The best kind is produced in the semi-Chinese Provinces of Turfan Kicnar, and exported viâ Yarkand to Kashmere. All the finest shawls are made of this wool, but as the Maharajah of Kashmere keeps a strong monopoly of the article, the Punjab shawl-weavers cannot procure it, and have to be concent with an inferior kind of Pashum produced at Châthân, and exported viâ Leh to Umritzur, Nûrpûr, Loodianah, Jelalpûr, and other shawl-weaving towis of the Punjab. The price of White Pashum in Kashmere is for unclcaned, 3s. to 4s. per lb.; ditto cleaned, 6s. to 7s. per lb. Of Tûsha ditto, uncleaned, 2s to 3s. a lb.; cleaned, from 5s to 7s.

b.The fleece of the Dumba sheep of Kabul and Peshawur.—This is sometimes called Kabuli Pashum. It is used in the manufacture of the finer sorts of chogas, an outer-robe or cloak with sleeves, worn by Affghans and other Mahomedans of the Western frontier.
c.Wahab Shâhi, or Kirmani Wool.—The wool of a sheep found in Kirman, a tract of country in the south of Persia, by the Persian Gulf. It is used for the manufacture of a spurious kind of shawl cloth, and for adulterating the texture of Kashmere shawls. Specimens of this wool will be found in the collection.
d.The hair of a goat common in Kabul and Peshawur, called Pat, from which a texture called Pattu is made.
e.The woolly hair of the camel.—From this a coarser kind of choga is made.
f.The wool of the country sheep of the Plains.—Regarding the production of wool in the Himalayan or Sub-Himalayan portion of the Punjab, the last year's Revenue Report states that "there can be no doubt that the valleys of the Sutlej, Ravee, Chandrabaga (or Chenab), Namisukh, and other tributaries of the Indus, supply grazing grounds not to be surpassed in richness and suitableness in any part of the world. The population inhabiting them are chiefly pastoral, but owing to sloth and ignorance the wool they produce is but small in quantity, full of dirt, and ill-cared for in every way." The government of the Punjab have made efforts to improve the breed by the importation of Merino rams, but hitherto with little success. However, a truss of Merino wool produced at Huzara, a hill district to the north-west of the Punjab, and sent to England in 1860, was there valued at 1s. 6d. per lb.
page 28

Silk.

486.Eria silk thread, Assam.
487.Cocoons of the Eria silkworm, Attacus Ricini, Assam.
488.Moonga silk thread, Assam.
489.Cocoons of the Moonga silkworm, Anlhercea Assama, Assam.
490.Cocoons and thread of the Mezankoorie silkwork, Antherœa Mezankooria, Assam.
491.Tusseh silk thread, Bhagulpore.
492.Cocoons of the Tusseh silkworm, Antherœa Paphia, Bliagul pore.
493.Silk of the mulberry feeding worm, Bomhyx mori, Umritsur.
494.Yellow silk, Berhampore, Bengal.
495.White silk, Berhampore, Bengal.
496.Silk thread, Burmah.
497.Floss silk, dyed of various colours, Umritsur.
498.Floss silk, dyed of various colours, Moulmein.
499.Wild silk, dyed.
500.Dyed floss silk, Shikarpore.
501.Dyed floss silk, Cashmere.
502.Golden silk thread, Cuddapah.

An enumeration of the silk-producing moths of India, by Frederic Moore, Esq., will be found in the "Technologist," vol. ii. p. 410.

Section C.—Vegetable Substances used in Manufactures.

Gums, Resins, &c.

503.Wood-oil, Dipterocarpus sp.
504.Thet-tsee, Melanorrhea usitata, Burmah.
505.Caoutchouc, Southern India.
506.Caoutchouc, Singapore.page 29
507.Gutta Taban, Malay Peninsula.
508.Gutta-percha, Isonandra gutta, Singapore.
509.Pauchontee, Isonandra acuminata, Travancore.
510.Gutta of Calotropis gigantea, Gorruckpore.
511.Gutta of Euphorbia antiquorum, Madras.
512.Kattimandu, Euphorbia Kattimandu, Vizagapatam.
513.Saul Dammar, Shorea robusta, Northern India.
514.Saul Dammar, Shorea robusta.
515.Green Piney Resin, Valeria indica, Canara.
516.Piney Resin, Valeria indica, Coora.
517.Gum Damar, Dammara orientalis, Bombay.
518.Babool gum, Acacia Arabica, Calcutta.
519.Babool gum, Acacia Arabica, Calcutta.
520.Myrrh, Balsamodendron myrrha, Aden.
521.Googul, Balsamodendron Roxburghii, Bengal.
522.Gum of Sterculia urens, Madras.
523.False Tragacanth, Cochlospermum gossypium.
524.Kuteera, Cochlospermum gossy pium, India.
525.Vangay kino, Pterocarpus dalbergioides, Cochin.
526.Butea kino, Butea frondosa, India.
527.Palas kino, Butea frondosa, Cochin.
528.Palas kino, Butea superba, Cochin.
529.Gamboge, Garcinia cochinchinensis.
530.Gum benzoin, Styrax benzoin, Sumatra.
531.Olibanum, Boswellia papyri fera, Bombay.

Lac.

532.Stick lac, Jubbulpore.
533.Stick lac, Kuthie, Jubbulpore.
534.Stick lac.
535.Lac. From the Bur-tree, Jhallawar, Rajpootana.
536.Shell lac.
537.Plate lac.
538.Grain lac.
539.Grain lac.
540.Silk lac, Jubbulpore.
541.Lac dye.
page 30

Dye Stuffs and Tanning Materials.

542.Indigo (native make), Indigofera tinctoria, N. Arcot. S. R. I. I. M. V.
543.Indigo, T. Indigofera tinctoria, North Arcot.
544.Indigo, C. Indigofera tinctoria, North Arcot.
545.Green-leaf indigo, T. D. Indigoferatinctoria, S. Arcot.
546.Dry-leaf indigo, T. G. Indigofera tinctoria, S. Arcot.
547.Indigo, W. Indigofera tinctoria, Vellore.
548.Indigo, A. Indigofera tinctoria, Vellore.
549.Indigo, A. Indigofera tinctoria.
550.Indigo, (J.&Co. 26), Indigofera tinctoria, Jessore.
551.Indigo, (J.& Co. 19), Indigofera tinctoria, Jessore.
552.Indigo, (P. H) Indigofera tinctoria, Salem.
553.Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria, Shikarpoor.
554.Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria, Shikarpoor.
555.Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria, Shikarpoor.
556.Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria, Hyderabad.
557.Indigo, Indigofera tinctoria, Hooghly.
558.Cuddapah indigo, Indigofera coerulea, Cuddapah.
559.Palas indigo, Wrightia tinctoria, Salem.
560.Madder, reared from French seed, Rubia tinctoria, Punjab.
561.Madder roots, Rubia tinctoria, Bombay.
562.Munjeet, Rubia cordifolia, Calcutta.
563.Munjeet, Rubia cordifolia, Aboor Hills, Assam.
564.Munjeet, Rubia cordifolia, Mishmee Hills, Assam.
565.Munjeet, Rubia cordifolia, Debrooghur, Assam.
566.Munjeet, Rubia cordifolia, Assam.
567.Munjeet, Rubia cordifolia.
568.Chay root, Oldenlandia umbellata, India.
569.Al-root, Morinda citrifolia, Bengal.page 31
570.Al-root, Morinda citrifolia, Jubbulpore.
571.Al-root, Morinda citrifolia, Allahabad.
572.Al-root, Morinda citrifolia, Burmah.
573.Ach, Morinda tinctoria, Patna.
574.Pupli-chuckay, Ventilago maderaspatana, Madras.
575.Bukkum wood, Cœsalpinia sappan, Assam.
576.Bukkum, Cœsalpinia sappan, Bengal.
577.Sappan wood chips, Cœsalpinia sappan, Bengal.
578.Kayu Kudrang, a yellow dye wood, Malacca.
579.Lakah wood (source uncertain), Malay peninsula.
580.Babool bark, Acacia arabica, Bengal.
581.Cassia fistula bark, Cathartocarpus fistula, Madras.
582.Saracondra-puttay, Cathartocarpus fistula, Palamcottah.
583.Tengah bark, Rhizophora sp., Singapore.
584.Mangrove bark, Rhizophora mangle, Singapore.
585.Jamoon bark, Eugenia jambolana, Madras.
586.Sumach bark, Rhus sp., Singapore.
587.Myrtle bark, Myrica sapida, Nepaul.
588.Kabine, dye-tree bark, Akyab, Arracan.
589.Ukulbeer, Datisca cannabina, Lahore.
590.Vegetable green dye, Jatropha sp., Malda.
591.Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, Bengal.
592.Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, Calcutta.
593.Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, Assam.
594.Saffron, Crocus cashmerianus, Cashmere.
595.Hursinghar, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Calcutta.
596.Hursinghar, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Madras.
597.Pomegranate rind, Punica granatum, India.
598.Myrabolans, Terminalia chebula, Bengal.
599.Myrabolans, Terminalia chebula.
600.Balhurrah, Terminalia chebula, Raepore.
601.Bedda nuts, Terminalia bellerica, Bombay.
602.Aomla, Phyllanthus emblica, Bengal.
603.Chootee-mue, galls of Tamarix furas, Bombay.
604.Marking nuts, Semecarpus anacardium, Madras.
605.Hooly powder, Trapa bispinosa, Calcutta.
606.Kamala, Rottlera tinctoria, Madras.
607.Dye powder, Dicalyx tinctoria.page 32
608.Orchella weed, Roccella fuciformis, Travancore.
609.Cutch, Acacia catechu, Bengal.
610.Cutch, Acacia catechu, Patna.
611.Catechu, Acacia catechu, Mirzapore.
612.Cutch, Acacia catechu, Shahabad.
613.Cutch, Acacia catechu, Pegu.
614.Catechu, Acacia catechu, Rangoon.
615.Cutch, Acacia catechu, Rangoon.
616.Cake catechu, Areca catechu.
617.Cutch, Areca catechu, Canara.
618.Moocherus, natural exudation from Areca catechu.
619.Gambier, Nauclea sp., Moulmein.

Fibrous Substances.

Cotton.

620.Cotton (from New Orleans seed), valued in 1862 at 13d. to 14d. per lb., Cuttack.
621.Cotton (yellow lowlands), valued in 1862 at 8½d. per lb., Cuttack.
622.Cotton (yellow uplands), valued in 1862 at 6d. per lb., Dhenkanal.
623.Cotton (white uplands) valued in 1862 at 7d. per lb., Dhenkanal.
624.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from native seed, Chittagong.
625.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued in 1862 at 8d. per lb., Burdwan.
626.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued in 1862 at 7½d. per lb., Burdwan.
627.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued in 1862 at 7d. to 9d. per lb., Burdwan.
628.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued in 1862 at 7¾d. per lb., Burdwan.page 33
629.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valuedin 1862 at 6½d. per lb., Burdwan.
630.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, indigenous, valued in 1862 at Sd. per lb.
631.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, Monghyr.
632.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from native seed, valued in 1862 at 8d. per lb., Behar.
633.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, native Boochree, Sarun.
634.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, values in 1862 at 6½d. per lb., Patna.
635.Cotton, Gossypium barbadense, from Egyptian seed, vahed in 1862 at 15d. to 16d. per lb., Shahabad.
636.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from native seed, valued in 1862 at 6¼d. per lb., Tirhoot.
637.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 8d. per lb., Assam.
638.Cotton, Gossypium barbadense, from New Orleans seed, valued in 1862 at 13d. to 14d. per lb., Shahabad.
639.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from native seed, valued in 1862 at 8d. to 9d. per lb., Cachar.
640.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from native seed, valued at 8d, to 9d. per lb. in 1862, Cachar.
641.Cotton, valued in 1862 at 7d. to 8d. per lb., Silhet.
642.Cotton Gossypium indicum, from native seed, Garrow Hills.
643.Cotton, Gossypium barbadense, from New Orleans seed, valued in 1862 at 12d. to 12½d. per lb., Chota Nagpore.
644.Cotton, Gossypium barbadense, from Egyptian seed, valued in 1862 at 13d. per lb., Chota Nagpore.
645.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, Boloamat.
646.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued in 1862 at 6d. per lb., Peetoria.
647.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, Leshgunge.
648.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued in 1862 at 7d. per lb., Munika.
649.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued in 1862 at 6d. per lb., Chuttur.
650.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, Loliardagga
651.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued at 6d. per lb. in 1862, Burgurh.
652.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from indigenous seed, valued in 1862 at 6d. per lb., Maunbhoom.page 34
653.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, indigenous, valued in 1862 at 9d. to 11d. per lb., Singbhoom.
654.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued at 7d. to 8d. per lb., Humeerpore, N.W.P.
655.Cotton, Poongree, Gossypium indicum, Banda district.
656.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 7¾d. per lb., Bundelkund.
657.Cotton, Gossypium barhadense, from American seed, valued at 12d. to 13d. per lb., Bundelkund.
658.Cotton, Gossypium barbadense, from American seed, valued in 1862 at 7d. per lb., Bundelkund.
659.Cotton, Gossypium barbadense, from Egyptian seed, valued in 1862 at 17d. per lb., Bundelkund.
660.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 9d. per lb., Gwalior.
661.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 8d. to 9d. per lb., Jung district.
662.Cotton, Gossypntm, indicum, valued at 8d. per lb. in 1862, Punjab.
663.Cotton, Shirkarpore.
664.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 6d. per lb., Jacobabad, Sindh.
665.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 6d. per lb., Khyrpoor, Sindh.
666.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 8½d. per lb., Hyderabad, Sindh.
667.Nurma cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, valued in 1862 at 13d. to 14d. per lb., Ahmedabad.
668.Lalia cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, valued in 1862 at 9d. per lb., Ahmedabad.
669.Lalia cotton, Gosspyium indicum, native, valued in 1862 at 9d. per lb., Ahmedabad.
670.Wagaria cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, valued in 1862 at 8d. to 9d. per lb., Ahmedabad.
671.Cotton, valued in 1862 at 9d. to 10d. per lb., Kutch.
672.Dhollerah cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, valued in 1862 at 9d. per lb., Guzerat.
673.Dhollerah cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, valued in 1862 at 8d. per lb., Guzerat.
674.Cotton, valued at 10d. to 11d. per lb. in 1862, Broach.
675.Cotton, valued in 1862 at 11½d., to 12½d. per lb., Broach.
676.Cotton, Gossypium barbadense, from Egyptian seed, valued in 1862 at 12d. per lb., Belgaum.page 35
677.Coompta cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, valued in 862 at 9½d. to 10d. per lb., Dharwar.
678.Coompta cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, Dharwar.
679.Coompta cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, valued in 862 at 6½d. per lb., Dharwar.
680.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, Oomrawattee.
681.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 10d. per lb., Hingenghaut.
682.Oopum cotton, Gossypium indicum, native, Madras.
683.Bourbon cotton, Gossypium barbadense, valued in 1862 at 14d. to 15d. per lb., Madras.
684.Bourbon cotton, Gossypium barladense, valued in 1862 at 14d. to 15d. per lb., Madras.
685.Cotton, valued in 1862 at 13d. to 14d. per lb., Madras.
686.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 9d. pel lb., Madras.
687.Cotton, Gossypmm barladense, from Egyptian seed, valued in 1862 at 13d. to 15d. per lb., Madras.
688.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 6d. to 7d. per. lb., Tinnevelly, Madras.
689.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 9½d. per lb., Nattore.
690.Cotton, Cossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 8½d. per lb., North Madras.
691.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 6d. per lb., Western Madras.
692.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 6d. per lb., Mysore.
693.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 8d. per lb., Mysore.
694.Carded Cotton, Nuggur, Mysore.
695.Cotton, Nuggur, Mysore.
696.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, from native seed, valued in 1862 at 7d. per lb., Pegu.
697.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 7d. to 8d. per lb., Burmah.
698.Cotton, Gossypium indicum, valued in 1862 at 7¼d. per lb., Rangoon.
699.Cotton, Gossypium barladense, from New Orleans seed, valued in 1862 at 14d. per lb, Province Wellesley.
page 36

Silk Cottons.

The seed pod of various genera of plants supply a material which, from its appearance, is called "silk cotton." It is deficient in strength, and difficult to spin, on account of the smoothness of the individual fibres.

There are two species of Calotropis—one the Mûdar (Calotropis gigantea), the other the Ak (C. Hamiltonii), which produce this floss in great abundance. One or other of these grow luxuriantly in all parts of the country; and should the material, as now expected, prove of commercial value, it could be furnished at a cheap rate in large quantities. Hitherto its chief use has been for stuffing pillows.

700.Silk cotton, Bombax sp? Chingleput, Madras.
701.Silk cotton, Mudar, Calotropis gigantea, Bundelkund.
702.Silk cotton (ak), Calotropis Hamiltonii.
703.Illustrated sheet, showing comparative lengths of staple of cotton grown in India.

Fibres.

In the arrangement of this important division, the following classification, founded on the capability of the different fibres to fulfil certain functions, has been adopted.

I.—Fibres Suited for Spinning and Manufacturing Purposes.

a. Flax (Linum usitatissimum.)

704.Flax, Linum usitatissimum, from acclimatised Riga seed, Sealcote, Punjab.
705.Flax, Linum usitatissimum, Punjab.
706.Flax, Linum usitatissimum, from acclimatized seed, Lucknow.

b. Rhea (Bœhmeria nivca, also Urtica nivea and U. tenacissima).

Of all Indian fibres, the one which at present attracts most attention in this country is that of the Rhea. As soon as arrangements have been effected for its production, along with that of other species of nettle which abound in various parts of India, it is anticipated that fibres from this class of plants will eventually page 37 occupy a position second only in importance to that of cotton and flax, late experiments have shown that the fibre of the Rhea can be turned to account for the manufacture of a variety of fabrics of a very valuable and useful description; and its extended cultivation in India is worthy of every attention and encouragement. The great desideratum is an efficient machine for the separation of the fibre from its parent stem.

707.Rhea, Bœhmeria nivea, Gowhatty.
708.Rhea, Bœhmeria nivea, Nowgong, Assam.
709.Rhea, Bœhmeria nivea, Debrooghur, Assam.
710.Rhea. Bœhmeria nivea, Debrooghur, Assam.
711.Rhea, Bœhmeria nivea, softened.
712.Rhea, Bœhmeria nivea, bleached.
713.Wild rhea, Assam.

c. Puya (Bœhmeria puya).

Although botanically a different species, the fibre of this plant is almost identical with that furnished by the Rhea. It flourishes at Darjeeling and other places in the north of India. Its commercial value is the same as that of Rhea.

714.Puya, Bœhmeria puya, North-West India.

d. Nilgiri Nettle (Urtica heterophylla).

This nettle abounds in the Nilgiri Hills and also in some other parts of the country. It furnishes a fibre of such a nature that the term "vegetable wool" has been applied to it.

715.Nilgiri Nettle Urtica heterophylla, from old wood, valued at £60 per ton.
716.Nilgiri Nettle, Urtica heterophylla, from new wood, valued at £65 per ton.

e. Mudar or Yercum, (Calotropis gigantea) also Ak (C. Hamiltonii).

Have also been referred to under the head of Silk Cottons. The stems of these two species furnish a valuable fibre, which is, however, very difficult of extraction.

717.Mudar or Yercum, Calotropis gigantea, Madras.

f. Bedolee Sutta (Paedcria fœtida).

This excellent fibre is the produce of a creeper which grows abundantly on page 38 grass alluvial deposits along some parts of the banks of the Brahmaputra in Assam. It is particularly worthy of attention, as its fibre is of a very valuable description. From its appearance it lias been named "vegetable silk."

718.Bedolee Sutta, Paederia fœtida, Upper Assam.

II.—Fibres suited for Spinning and Manufacturing Purposes, but of Inferior Durability to the Preceding.

a. Jute.

There are two species which afford this well-known article of commerce, viz., Corchorus olitorius and C. capsularis. Both are largely cultivated.

719.Jute, Cor chorus olitorius, valued at £24 per ton, Darjeeling;
720.Jute, Corchorus olitorivs, Hooghly.

b. Sufet Bariala (Sida rhomboidea).

This fibre is very similar to jute in appearance; but it is considered to be intrinsically so superior that it is worth from £5 to £6 more per ton, and it has accordingly been placed next to that fibre, in order to attract to it the attention which it deserves.

721.Sufet bariala, Sida rhomboidea.

c. Ambaree or Hemp-leaved Hibiscus (Hibiscus cannabinus).

This plant furnishes a portion of the so-called "brown hemp," exported from Bombay. It is readily cultivated, and, with more attention to its preparation, is calculated to compete with jute.

722.Ambaree, Hibiscus cannabinus.

d. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa).

Commonly cultivated in gardens for the sake of its leaves, which are eaten in salads. Worthy of extended cultivation on account of its fibre.

723.Roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa.

e. Other Malvaceous Fibres;

724.Indian Mallow, Abutilon indicum, Rohilcund.
725.Bun-okra, Urena lobata, Burmah.
page 39

III.—Fibres Chiefly Suited for the Manufacture of Cordage, Twine, etc.

a. Hemp (Cannabia sativa).

It is cultivated in many parts of India for the sake of the "Bhang" or intoxicating resin of its leaves, but as yet only occasionally for its fibre.

726.Himalayan hemp, Cannabis sativa, Kangra.

b. Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria juncea).

This plant furnishes the vast proportion of the so-called hemps exported from India.

727.Sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea.
728.Sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea, Hooghly.
729.Sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea.
730.Sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea.

c. Jubbulpore Hemp (Crotalaria tenuifolia).

731.Jubbulpore hemp,. Crotalaria tenuifolia.
732.Jubbulpore hemp, Crotalaria tenuifolia, Chota Nagpore.

IV.—Fibres for Miscellaneous Purposes, adapted for Twine, Cordage, and Paper, occasionally capable of Manufacture into Fabrics Suited for Women's Dresses, Imitation Horsehair Cloth, etc.

This division embraces the fibres furnished by the leaves and stems of endogenous plants.

a. Pine Apple (Ananassa sativa).

This plant supplies the only fibre of the group which is at all likely to be employed for spinning by machinery. Its fibres are fine and very divisible. 733. Pine apple, Ananassa sativa, valued at £30 per ton, Madras.

b. Moorva, Marool, or Bow-string Hemp (Sanseviera zeylanica).

This plant supplies a fibre in point of strength and other qualities well calculated, when properly prepared, to compete with the "Manilla hemp" of the Philippine Islands.

734.Moorva, Sanseviera zeylanica, valued at £36 per ton, Madras.
page 40

c.—Agave or Aloe Fibres (Agave americana, also Agave vivipara or Fourcroya gigantea.

Although neither of these plants is indigenous, both are now cultivated in many parts of the country. After suitable preparation, the agave fibre is usually employed for the manufacture, amongst other things, of an imitation "horsehair" cloth.

735.Agave, Agave americana, Meerut.
736.Agave, Agave americana, Madras.

d.—Adam's Needle (Yucca gloriosa).

This plant, although not yet cultivated for economic purposes, produces fibre of very considerable value when properly prepared.

737.Adam's needle, Yucca gloriosa, Madras.

e. Plantain (Musa paradisiaca and other species.)

Universally cultivated for its fruit. Its leaves afford a fibre suited for certain purposes. Ordinarily it is inferior to Manilla hemp (Musa textilis) in point of strength.

738.Plantain, Musa paradisiaca, Madras.
739.Manilla hemp, Musa textilis, Madras.

f. Screw-pine (Pandanus odoratissimus).

The leaves of this plant furnish a fibre which can be turned to account for the manufacture of paper and some common purposes. It is, however, in every respect inferior to those in this group above entered.

740.Screw-pine Pandanus odoratissimus, valued at £4 per ton, Madras.

V.—Fibres Suited for the Manufacture of Mats, Brushes, Coarse Cordage, Imitation Horse-hair for Stuffing Purposes, etc.

a. Coir.

This well-known material is furnished by the fibrous envelope of the nut of the cocoa palm (Cocos nucifera). It is exported from India in considerable quantities.

741.Coir, Cocos nucifera, Madras.
page 41

b. Gomuti (Arenga saccharifera).

This fibre is considered superior to all others yet made use of for the nanufacture of artificial bristles for brushes, imitation horse-hair for stuffing and such like purposes.

742.Gomuti, Arenga saccharifera, Singapore.

c. Moonj (Saccharum munja).

This grass supplies a strong good fibre, which is beginning to attract attention in this country, and is now being exported from Kurachi, in Sinde.

743.Moonj, Saccharum munja, Lahore.
744.Palmyra, Borassus fiabelliformis, Madras.
745.Bunkuss, Eriophorum cannabinum.

Manufactures from Fibres.

746.Canvass, Barnagore works, Borneo Company, Calcutta.
747.Canvass, made of country hemp, Meerut jail.
748.American Gunny Cloth, Barnagore works, Borneo Company, Calcutta.
749.Rope, made of wild Rhea fibre, Bœhmeria nivea (?)
750.Cord, made of Agave fibre, Agave Americana, Chota Nagpore.
751.Cord, made of Plantain fibre, Musa par adisiaca, Madras.
752.Cord and Twine, made of Sunn Hemp, Crotolaria juncca,
753.Rope, made of Ambaree fibre, Hibiscus cannabinus.
754.Rope, made of Pineapple fibre, Ananassa sativa.

The foregoing are only a selection from some of the most important and valuable of Indian Fibres. A very large number of fibrous plants are indigenous to the peninsula, and of these a great many that are at present unknown in commerce are utilized by the natives.